FOURTH SECTION
DECISION
AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF
Application no. 12809/09
by Vesa AALTO and Others
against Finland
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting on 23 March 2010 as a Chamber composed of:
Nicolas Bratza, President,
Giovanni Bonello,
David Thór Björgvinsson,
Ján Šikuta,
Päivi Hirvelä,
Ledi Bianku,
Nebojša Vučinić, judges,
and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar,
Having regard to the above application lodged on 2 March 2009,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
THE FACTS
The applicants, Mr Vesa Aalto and 1,035 others, are Finnish nationals whose personal details appear in annex. They are represented before the Court by Mr G.O. Zacharias Sundström and Mr Matti Kauppi, lawyers practising in Helsinki.
A. The circumstances of the case
The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicants, may be summarised as follows.
The applicants are current and former personnel of the Finnish defence forces. The pensions and retirement benefits of military personnel are determined by the State Pension Act (valtion eläkelaki, lagen om statens pensioner; Act no. 280/1966) which was amended in 1993 and again in 1995. In the 1995 amendment, the service time required by military personnel to stay in active duty in order to reach full pension rights was extended from 25 years to 30 years. In addition the amount of pension was decreased gradually from 66% to 60%. Also the annual accrual (eläkekarttuma, pensionstillväxten) for military personnel was decreased from 2.64% to 2%. In practice, it means that in order to reach the same pension rights and retirement benefits as before the 1995 amendment, military personnel have to stay in active duty for 3 to 27 months longer and air force personnel 44 to 57 months longer. Moreover, the absolute amount of pension payable after the amendment of 1995 decreases in comparison to that prior to the amendment.
Apparently none of the applicants has yet retired.
On 31 December 2004 the applicants lodged their individual actions with the Helsinki District Court (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätten), requesting it to confirm that the State of Finland had violated their property rights and the prohibition of discrimination, that the applicants had a right to a full pension in accordance with the 1966 State Pension Act, and that the State was obliged to pay back the unjust enrichment and to compensate the damage caused to them. The applicants claimed that the 1995 amendment was unconstitutional. The State argued that a District Court could not examine the constitutionality of an Act without a connection to a concrete case and that it was not competent to apply, even in theory, the State Pension Act.
On 30 August 2006 the District Court dismissed the applicants’ complaints without examining the merits. It found that, according to the Constitution, everyone had the right of access to a court. As the competent court in pension matters was the Insurance Court (Vakuutusoikeus, Försäkringsdomstolen), the question of constitutionality of the provisions of the State Pension Act could not be examined in a concrete case by a District Court. Pension rights were social benefits which did not fall within the jurisdiction of a District Court. It was thus not competent to examine the applicants’ case.
The applicants appealed to the Court of Appeal (hovioikeus, hovrätten), reiterating the grounds presented before the District Court and requesting that an oral hearing be held.
On 5 December 2006 the Court of Appeal rejected the request for an oral hearing as manifestly unnecessary and upheld the District Court’s decision. It found that it was not in the District Court’s competence to examine claims based on the State Pension Act. The applicants’ claims had not been examined or decided in accordance with the State Pension Act and there was no decision from the Insurance Court concerning them. The applicants’ claims were thus premature and they had to be dismissed without examining the merits.
The applicants appealed to the Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen), reiterating the grounds of appeal presented before the Court of Appeal and requesting that an oral hearing be held. They referred, inter alia, to Article 6 of the Convention, to Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention as well as to Article 15 of the Finnish Constitution.
On 24 October 2007 the Supreme Court granted the applicants leave to appeal.
On 4 September 2008 the Supreme Court rejected the request for an oral hearing as unnecessary and upheld the Court of Appeal’s decision. It reasoned its decision as follows:
“As the lower courts have stated, pensions under the State Pension Act are decided by the State Treasury whose decisions can, in accordance with section 162 of the State Pension Act, be appealed against to the Employment Pensions’ Appeal Board and further to the Insurance Court. As deciding on the grounds and the amount of state pensions does not fall within the competence of the ordinary courts of law, the claims made in the present case could not be examined on the merits.
As the Supreme Court has stated in its published decision KKO2006:71, the primary responsibility for ensuring that enacted Acts are in conformity with the Constitution, both as to their content and the procedure followed, falls with the Parliament, and the interpretation of the Constitution in this context is the responsibility of the Parliament and especially of the Constitutional Committee. The possibility for the courts to assess the constitutionality of Acts enacted by Parliament is restricted, on the basis of Article 106 of the Constitution, to individual cases only. According to the said provision, a court of law shall give primacy to the provision in the Constitution if the application of an Act would be in evident conflict with the Constitution. A court must therefore take care, when examining an individual case, that the outcome of the case is not in evident conflict with the Constitution but it cannot estimate in general whether a certain provision is in contradiction with the Constitution (HE 1/1998 vp p. 163 and PeVM 10/1998 vp p. 31).
The applicants have emphasised that the alleged violations of their fundamental and human rights must be examined together with their claims for unjust enrichment and compensation claims because examination of the latter claims falls within the competence of ordinary courts of law. The applicants have referred in this respect to the above-mentioned decision KKO 2006:71. In the said decision it was stated that the State cannot be held liable on the ground that a provision, which allegedly has been enacted in violation of the Constitution, has affected an individual in a manner which could not be avoided by applying Article 106 of the Constitution, unless the content of such an Act or the procedure followed was in evident contradiction with the Constitution.
In the present case the alleged violation of fundamental and human rights manifests itself or will manifest itself in the decrease of the applicants’ pension rights. Therefore the assessment of the complaints and their grounds requires firstly the examination of the content of the applicable State Pension Act according to which the applicants’ pension is to be calculated, and to how big a pension the applicants are or will be entitled at the moment of retirement. As stated above, it is the task of the Insurance Court as the last instance to decide on questions concerning the applicants’ pension rights, in the event of their retirement. When deciding on pension issues, the Insurance Court must take into consideration the above-mentioned Article 106 of the Constitution, if needed, and give primacy to the provision in the Constitution if a provision in the State Pension Act is in evident conflict with the Constitution. The alleged unjust enrichment or damage can in the present case be prevented by applying Article 106 in the applicants’ pension case as far as there are grounds for it. In this respect the present case differs from the situation in the case KKO 2006:71.
It is thus clear that there are no grounds to assess the alleged violation of fundamental and human rights or the compensation or other claims relating to it before it is clear how the State Pension Act will be applied in their case. Those applicants whose pensions have not yet been decided have no legal need to have their complaints examined before the grounds and the amount of their state pension have been decided.
On these grounds the Supreme Court finds that there are no grounds to examine the present complaints. The dismissal of the complaints does not, however, mean that the applicants could not have the alleged violation of their pension rights duly examined in a competent court.”
B. Relevant domestic law
Constitution
Article 15 of the Constitution (Suomen perustuslaki, Finlands grundlag; Act no. 731/1999) provides that the property of everyone is protected. Provisions on the expropriation of property, for public needs and in consideration of full compensation, are laid down by an Act.
Article 21 of the Constitution provides that:
“[e]veryone has the right to have his or her case dealt with appropriately and without undue delay by a legally competent court of law or other authority, as well as to have a decision pertaining to his or her rights or obligations reviewed by a court of law or other independent organ for the administration of justice. Provisions concerning the publicity of proceedings, the right to be heard, the right to receive a reasoned decision and the right of appeal, as well as the other guarantees of a fair trial and good governance shall be laid down by an Act.”
According to Article 98 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court, the Courts of Appeal and the District Courts are the ordinary courts of law.
According to Article 106 of the Constitution:
"[i]f, in a matter being tried by a court of law, the application of an Act would be in evident conflict with the Constitution, the court of law shall give primacy to the provision in the Constitution."
State Pension Act
According to section 162 of the current State Pension Act (valtion eläkelaki, lagen om statens pensioner; Act no. 1295/2006), appeal against a decision of the State Treasury (Valtiokonttori, Statskontoret) lies to the Employment Pensions’ Appeal Board (työeläkeasioiden muutoksenhakulautakunta, besvärsnämnden för arbetspensionsärenden) and further to the Insurance Court.
COMPLAINTS
1. The applicants complained under Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention that they had no effective access to a court to permit a judicial determination of their civil rights.
2. They complained under the same Articles that the Court of Appeal had refused to hear oral arguments and to hear such witnesses as could have furnished the courts with details pertaining to the nature of the case and its admissibility in the ordinary courts of law.
3. They further complained under the same Articles that the length of the proceedings had exceeded the “reasonable time” requirement for a purely procedural and preliminary matter.
4. The applicants complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 13 that they had been deprived of their property.
5. Lastly, they complained under Article 14 of the Convention of discrimination.
THE LAW
Complaint concerning access to a court
The applicants complained that they had had no effective access to a court to permit a judicial determination of their civil rights. They relied on Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention which, in so far as relevant, provide as follows:
“In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...”
“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”
The Court reiterates that Article 6 guarantees a right of access to a court but it neither guarantees a direct access to a court of constitutional jurisdiction in order to challenge the constitutionality of legislative provisions (see, for example Ruiz-Mateos and Others v. Spain, application no. 14324/88, Commission decision of 19 April 1991, DR 69, p. 227; and Posti and Rahko v. Finland, no. 27824/95, § 52, ECHR 2002‑VII), nor guarantees an applicant a favourable outcome to his case. In the present case, and even assuming that they had an arguable civil claim for the purposes of the applicability of Article 6, the Court can but note that the applicants had in fact access to three levels of jurisdiction. The fact that all three courts were unanimous in concluding that they had no competence at that stage to examine the applicants’ case cannot be said to have deprived them of their right of access to a court. The applicants were told that as a matter of domestic law their claims could only be examined once it was clear “how the State Pension Act will be applied in their case.” Accordingly, when the applicants are concretely affected by the new retirement provisions, they can renew their challenge to the constitutionality of the provisions before the Employment Pensions’ Appeal Board and the Insurance Court and, as regards the related civil claims, the ordinary courts. The Court thus concludes that, and at this stage, the applicants had effective access to a court. Article 6 did not guarantee them anything further in the circumstances.
It follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
Complaint concerning a lack of an oral hearing
The applicants also complained under the same Articles that the Court of Appeal had refused to hear oral arguments and to hear such witnesses as could have furnished the courts with details pertaining to the nature of the case and its admissibility in the ordinary courts of law.
The Court notes that the applicants did not have an oral hearing at any stage of the proceedings. However, their request for an oral hearing only concerned questions of law, which the Court of Appeal is presumed to know ex officio and which could be adequately resolved on the basis of the case-file and the parties’ written observations (see, inter alia, Döry v. Sweden, no. 28394/95, § 37, 12 November 2002). It was thus justified to dispense with a hearing in the applicants’ case. Accordingly, it follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
Complaint concerning the length of the proceedings
The applicants further complained under the same Articles that the length of the proceedings had exceeded the “reasonable time” requirement for a purely procedural and preliminary matter.
The Court notes that the civil proceedings started on 31 December 2004 when the applicants lodged their individual actions with the District Court and ended on 4 September 2008 when the Supreme Court rendered its decision. The proceedings lasted thus some three years and eight months at three levels of jurisdiction. Their length cannot be considered excessive. It follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
Complaint concerning the deprivation of property
The applicants complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention and Article 13 of the Convention that they had been deprived of their property. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention reads as follows:
“Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.”
The Court reiterates that the rights stemming from payment of contributions to social insurance systems are pecuniary rights for the purposes of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (see, for example, Stec and Others v. the United Kingdom (dec.) [GC], nos. 65731/01 and 65900/01, § 53, ECHR 2005‑X). However, an entitlement to a future pension cannot be equated with a fully crystallised right to a particular amount of pension (see, for example, Stec and Others v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 65731/01, § 53, ECHR 2006‑VI). Since most persons remain within the pension system for many years of their active employment, they must take into account the fact that pension legislation may be subject to changes. Therefore, in so far as the applicants complain about the negative impact of the amendments to the State Pension Act on their pension entitlements, the Court observes that there has not been any interference as yet with their rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. It reiterates its reasoning on the applicants’ Article 6 complaint to the effect that when an aggrieved applicant eventually obtains a decision on his pension, it will be open to him to challenge before the specialised pension courts the constitutionality of the measures reducing his pension rights. If successful, a compensation claim can be filed with the ordinary courts. At this stage, however, the complaints are hypothetical, none of the applicants being able to show proof of concrete individual prejudice. On that account the complaint under Article 13 must also be dismissed.
It follows that this part of the application must be rejected as being incompatible ratione personae with the provisions of the Convention within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
Complaint about discrimination
Finally, the applicants complained under Article 14 of the Convention about discrimination. Article 14 reads as follows:
“The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.”
The Court notes that the applicants have not substantiated their complaint in any manner. Therefore, it follows that this complaint must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
For these reasons, the Court unanimously
Declares the application inadmissible.
Lawrence EarlyNicolas Bratza
RegistrarPresident
ANNEX
List of applicants represented by Matti Kauppi
Vesa
Aalto
Tuomo Heikki
Aaltonen
Petri
Aho
Timo
Aho
Juha
Ahokas
Matti
Ahola
Mikko
Ahonen
Timo
Antila
Mika
Autere
Ulf
Björk
Kimmo
Elomaa
Keijo
Elonen
Ari
Fihlman
Jarmo
Frangén
Anders
Grönman
Juha
Grönroos
Juha
Hakala
Ari
Hannola
Raimo Juhani
Hannukainen
Jari
Harala
Esa Juhani
Harjula
Erkki
Heinonen
Pasi Juhani
Heinonen
Harri
Hjulgren
Jarmo
Hokkanen
Jussi
Hokkanen
Jyrki
Hokkila
Hannu Tauno Juhani
Hurskainen
Petri Tapio
Huurremäki
Janne
Ilomäki
Tapio Aleksi
Ivalo
Hannu
Jaakkola
Markku
Joensuu
Jari
Juura
Pekka
Jääskeläinen
Jussi
Jyrkinen
Antti
Kaarto
Kari
Kallio
Kauko Petteri Kyösti
Kallio
Jouni
Kalliomäki
Toivo
Kangas
Matti
Kankanen
Erkki
Kantonen
Veijo
Kettunen
Paavo
Kivelä
Tuomo
Kivikari
Pekka Juhani
Kivinen
Pasi
Koivunen
Jari
Korhola
Leo Kalevi
Korhonen
Heikki
Korpela
Esa
Korpi
Tapio Kullervo
Koski
Marko
Koskiaho
Helge Yrjö Allan
Koskinen
Ilkka
Kuittinen
Mika
Kukkonen
Jukka
Kuntsi
Jari
Kuosmanen
Arto
Kuru
Keijo
Kurvinen
Juha
Kuurne
Antti
Kuusela
Auvo
Kuusimäki
Pekka
Könkkölä
Timo
Kytölehto
Jyrki
Kyöttinen
Ari Kalevi
Laaksonen
Pekka
Lahdenperä
Kari Tapani
Lahti
Markku
Laine
Yrjö Olavi
Laine
Rauno Petteri
Lalu
Jarmo Juhani
Lautala
Timo Veli Juhani
Lehtimäki
Mauri
Lehtiranta
Kalle
Lehtiö
Vesa-Pekka
Lehtomäki
Jarmo Uolevi
Leino
Risto
Leino
Markku Juhani
Liimatainen
Mika
Liinamaa
Petri
Lilja
Peter
Lindblom
Bengt
Lundström
Teuvo Markku
Luoma
Markku
Luomanen
Jari
Lusa
Kari
Lähdesmäki
Risto
Manninen
Markku Olavi
Mikkola
Pentti
Minkkinen
Eero
Moilanen
Kari
Mononen
Matti Johannes
Muhonen
Markku Olavi
Mulari
Olli Juhani
Mustaniemi
Sauli
Mäentausta
Mikko
Mäkinen
Petri
Mäkinen
Jouni
Männistö
Olli-Pekka
Männistö
Jouko Petteri
Niemelä
Sami Mikael
Niemensivu
Jussi
Niemi
Esa
Nopanen
Olli
Nopanen
Mauri
Nygård
Pasi Tapio
Nyström
Ismo
Ojala
Ilkka
Ojala
Jukka
Ojanen
Veli Pekka
Oksanen
Juha
Ovaska
Veli-Pekka
Paatero
Mika Sakari
Pajusalo
Veli
Peltola
Pauli
Peltoluhta
Asko
Pennanen
Seppo
Pennanen
Jouko
Pesonen
Raimo Juhani
Petäsnoro
Esko Tapani
Pietilä
Mika
Piiroinen
Tapio
Piittari
Jouni
Pitkänen
Orvo
Puolakka
Seppo Tapani
Puolamäki
Rauno
Purho
Jukka
Päivinen
Tapio
Raittila
Jorma
Rannila
Kimmo
Rantanen
Esa
Rasi
Tommy Antero
Rasmus
Jari Juhani
Renvall
Kauko
Rinne
Jari Allan
Rissanen
Aarne Yrjö Olavi
Ronkainen
Kari
Rusanen
Jari
Ruski
Tom Kenneth
Rönnberg
Elmeri
Rytkönen
Jukka
Saarela
Keijo
Saarijärvi
Ari
Salo
Veli-Pekka
Salonen
Bengt
Sandström
Heimo Olavi
Saukkola
Eero
Savikko
Petri Matti
Seppänen
Jaakko Johannes
Sihvo
Pertti
Siivonen
Lasse
Silas
Sami
Sorjonen
Kai
Stenman
Kaj-Erik
Ström
Veli Matti
Suomalainen
Ari Ismo
Surakka
Harri
Sutinen
Ari-Ville
Syrenius
Jukka
Tanskanen
Paavo
Teppo
Jouko Juhani
Tiitto
Leo
Tilli
Arto Heikki
Toivanen
Erkki
Toivonen
Sippo Esko
Tommila
Kimmo
Tuomi
Timo Kalervo
Tuomikoski
Juha
Tuominen
Jyrki
Tuomola
Jouko
Tuunainen
Jukka
Tähtinen
Erkki Juhani
Tyni
Leo
Ukkonen
Klaus Juhani
Uusipaasto
Markku
Uuttu
Kari
Vainio
Risto
Vairinen
Pasi Ranno Antero
Weide
Simo Pekka
Vennelä
Tapani
Vilppola
Jukka
Viro
Mikko
Viskari
Petteri
Vuorinen
Pasi
Vänttinen
Henrik
Wärnhjelm
Risto
Värri
Pekka
Väyrynen
Lasse Mikael
Yli-Heikkilä
Hannu
Ylikangas
Petri
Yrjönen
List of applicants represented by Zacharias Sundström
Jouni
Aaltonen
Ismo Olavi
Aho
Harri
Ahokas
Jarmo
Ahokas
Ari
Ahomäki
Pekka
Ahonen
Kari-Pekka
Ahtikoski
Kari Tapani
Aintila
Esa Petteri
Airanne
J. Petteri
Aittola
Juha
Alajoki
Jussi Jaakko
Alanko
Reijo Juhani
Alanne
Jouko
Ala-Poikela
Jari
Alari
Kari
Alari
Jorma
Alatalo
Tuomo
Ali-Vehmas
Rauno Tapio
Almi
Jari Kalevi
Andersson
Simo Heikki
Antikainen
Simo
Anto
Ari
Anttila
Jussi Tapani
Anttila
Mauri Kari
Anttila
Heikki Asseri
Anttinen
Vesa
Autere
Heikki Pekka
Autio
Harri
Auvinen
Esa Allan
Barsk
Mauri
Berg
Ilpo Eerik
Bergholm
Tomi Tapani
Bergman
Kim Gösta
Blomqvist
Lars Anders
Blomqvist
Carl Johan Christian
Bogel
Osmo Keijo Tapio
Bräysy
Antti Ilmari
Castrén
Pasi
Dahlbo
Juho-Heikki Antero
Dahlstedt
Rainer
Eerola
Pekka
Ek
Ari Tapio
Elonen
Ari
Enbom
Kai
Enne
Olli Kalervo
Envall
Hans
Eriksson
Mikael
Eriksson
Jussi
Erkkilä
Erik
Erroll
Juho
Ervelä
Harri Pekka
Eskola
Manu
Eskola
Eero Matias
Fisk
Ari Pekka
Franssi
Pertti Kalevi
Gostowski
Esa Kalervo
Gustafsson
Tommi
Gustafsson
Kurt Rafael
Gustafsson
Pauli
Haapakorva
Ari
Haapakoski
Teijo Martti Juhani
Haapakoski
Hannu Kalevi
Haapamäki
Jarmo
Haapamäki
Jyrki Tapio
Haapamäki
Kimmo
Haatanen
Hannu Juhani
Haikala
Timo Sakari
Haka
Esa
Hakala
Jari
Hakala
Kari
Hakamäki
Kimmo
Hakanen
Matti Tapio
Hakkarainen
Paavo
Hakkarainen
Pekka Henrik
Halonen
Torvald Michael
Hammarsten
Jaakko
Hannola
Kari Tapio
Hannula
Markku
Happonen
Heikki Johannes
Harinen
Ari
Harju
Pertti Juhani
Harju
Juha Esko
Harjunpää
Jukka
Harmainen
Veli-Matti
Hartikainen
Harri Juhani
Hassinen
Markku
Hassinen
Jari
Hasunen
Timo
Hauska
Simo Juhani
Hautakangas
Harri Juhani
Hautala
Matti
Hautamäki
Timo
Hautanen
Markku
Hautaniemi
Matti Tapio
Haverinen
Henri Allan
Havila
Jari
Heikkilä
Reijo
Heikkilä
Ari
Heikkinen
Hannu Ilmari
Heikkinen
Jari Antero
Heikkinen
Hannu Heikki Olavi
Heinonen
Harri
Heinonen
Jari
Heinonen
Jarmo
Heinonen
Rami
Helander
Mikko
Helenius
Jari
Hellberg
Roi
Helminen
Jari
Helstola
Reino
Hemmilä
Timo Juhani
Hemminki
Harry
Herranen
Juha Pauli
Hietala
Olavi
Hietanen
Jussi Matti Akseli
Hietaniemi
Jyrki
Hiljanen
Risto
Hintikka
Veini
Hintikka
Timo Pekka
Hissa
Sakari
Hiukka
Jari
Hjerppe
Petri
Hokkanen
Olavi
Holopainen
Jarmo
Holopainen
Kari
Hopponen
Tapio Eemil
Hoppula
Jari
Huhtala
Esa
Huhtamella
Tauno
Huhtamella
Tapio
Huhtanen
Pentti
Huhtaniemi
Jouni
Huhtinen
Raine
Huikuri
Hannu Juhani
Huotari
Ari Juha
Hurme
Ahti Ilkka Ensio
Huusko
Esa
Hyttinen
Seppo
Hyttinen
Ari Tapani
Hytönen
Heikki Olavi
Hyvärinen
Pekka
Hyyryläinen
Jouni
Hyytiä
Vesa Pentti
Hyytiäinen
Esa Toivo
Hyökyvirta
Tommy
Håkans
Matti Kalevi
Hämäläinen
Matti Ilmari
Härkönen
Timo Kalevi
Häyhä
Ari Pekka
Häyrinen
Volter
Högback
Markku
Iittiläinen
Jyrki
Ikonen
Kari
Ikonen
Ari Juhani
Ilander
Janne Miika
Ilomäki
Ari Tapani
Immonen
Veijo
Immonen
Kari
Inget
Seppo Juhani
Inkilä
Erkki Kalervo
Inkinen
Timo Kalervo
Inkinen
Sören Ragnar
Isaksson
Erkki Mikael
Iskala
Markku
Ivanoff
Jarmo
Jaakkola
Kai
Jahnsson
Jarmo Teijo Tapani
Jalonen
Timo Mikael
Jalonen
Jarmo Olavi
Jansa
Heikki
Jansson
Vesa-Matti
Jarho
Vesa
Jauhiainen
Björn
Johansson
Hannu Jouko
Jokela
Olli-Pekka
Jokela
Arto Ilmari
Jokelainen
Arto Viljo Juhani
Jokinen
Mikko
Jokinen
Veijo
Jokinen
Ari
Jonninen
Harri
Juntunen
Heikki Olavi
Juntunen
Jarmo Tapio
Juujärvi
Samuel
Juutinen
Keijo
Juntunen
Jyrki
Juvonen
Jussi
Jyrkinen
Teuvo
Jännäri
Jorma
Jäntti
Juha Tapio
Järvenpää
Kari
Järventaus
Pekka
Järvi
Ari
Järvinen
Jukka Tapio
Järvinen
Markku Juhani
Järvinen
Arto Kalevi
Jääskeläinen
Jarmo
Jääskeläinen
Pekka
Jääskeläinen
Viljo
Kaalimaa
Ilkka Antero
Kaapro
Aki Vesa Juhani
Kaartinen
Markku
Kahri
Kyösti
Kaijanen
Petri
Kainulainen
Pertti
Kaivonen
Juha
Kakko
Pertti Juhani
Kallio
Timo Johannes
Kallio
Arto Ahti
Kalliojärvi
Jouni Aatos
Kalliomäki
Pauli Olavi
Kanerva
Kimmo Kalle
Kangas
Ari Tapani
Kankare
Olli Pekka
Kankkunen
Timo
Kantalainen
Jussi
Kantolahti
Jorma Kalevi
Kantonen
Ossi Johannes
Karhu
Ari Uolevi
Kari
Timo Aarto
Kari
Arto Johannes
Karjalainen
Hannu
Karjalainen
Sauli Matti Ilmari
Karjunen
Paul Christian
Karle
Harry
Karlsson
Timo
Karppinen
Seppo
Karvola
Aki Tapio
Karvonen
Veikko
Katainen
Hannu
Kaukiainen
Esko
Kaunisto
Jukka
Kauppila
Jussi
Kauppinen
Mika
Kavén
Markku Johannes
Keijälä
Jouko Tapani
Kekkonen
Martti Kalevi
Kekkonen
Hannu Tapani
Kelppola
Pekka
Kemppainen
Raimo
Kemppainen
Mika Juha
Kerttunen
Janne
Kervinen
Markku Tapani
Keskitalo
Jouni Olavi
Ketola
Matti Olavi
Ketonen
Kari
Kettunen
Harri
Kieränen
Tapio Juhani
Kiiskinen
Jarmo
Kirkkomäki
Timo Jaakko
Kirvesmäki
Tuomo
Kivikari
Jarmo Juhani
Kivilä
Markku
Kivipää
Eero
Klemetti
Veijo Kalevi
Knuuttila
Markku
Kohonen
Jorma
Koivisto
Timo Johannes
Koivisto
Janne
Koivunen
Kimmo Kristian
Koivuniemi
Tomi
Konsala
Eero Juhani
Konttiaho
Arto Armas
Korento
Ahti Erkku Olavi
Korhonen
Ismo
Korhonen
Matti
Korhonen
Pentti Kalevi
Kormano
Ari Tapani
Korpela
Ari Timo
Korpela
Juha
Korte
Jari
Kortesoja
Veijo Juhani
Koskela
Pekka
Koskelainen
Harri
Koski
Jorma Tapani
Koskinen
Timo Eero Juhani
Koskinen
Vesa Petri Tapani
Koskinen
Juha-Pekka
Kosonen
Timo
Kostiainen
Martti
Kotilainen
Rauno
Kotilainen
Veikko Emil
Kovanen
Marko Juhani
Krigsholm
Matti
Kropsu
Seppo Tapio
Kruuse
Antti
Kuivalainen
Ari Pekka Tapani
Kujansuu
Jari Seppo Juhani
Kukkonen
Heikki
Kumpulainen
Tuomo
Kumpulainen
Markku
Kunelius
Mauri Juhani
Kunnas
Jukka Antero
Kuntsi
Petri Erik
Kupias
Juha Antero
Kurenmaa
Risto
Kurki
Jorma
Kuronen
Olli
Kuukkanen
Karri Kalevi
Kuusama
Kari
Kuusela
Vesa
Kuutila
Reijo
Kuvaja
Matti
Kyllönen
Pasi
Kylmämaa
Juha
Kytömäki
Harri Matti Aleksanteri
Käkönen
Bjarne Rafael
Käld
Ismo
Kärhä
Juha-Pekka Antero
Kärkinen
Hannu
Kärkkäinen
Ilkka Jouko Kalevi
Kärppälä
Pekka
Könkkölä
Janne Petteri
Laaksonen
Kari
Laaksonen
Matti Lauri Juhani
Laamanen
Heikki
Lagus
Hannu Juhani
Lahti
Jon Olavi
Lahtinen
Pentti Tapani
Laiho
Hannu
Laine
Markku
Laine
Risto Sakari
Laine
Simo Antero
Laine
Seppo Tapani
Laitala
Juha
Laitila
Heimo
Lamberg
Paavo
Lammes
Risto Henrikki
Lang
Miikka Petteri
Lankila
Aarne Pekka
Lappalainen
Esa Ilmari
Lappalainen
Heikki Pekka Juhani
Lappalainen
Jari Jukka Tapio
Lappalainen
Jukka
Lappi
Marko Jouko
Lassila
Jyrki
Latvala
Rauno
Laukkanen
Petri Juhani
Launonen
Kari
Laurila
Juha-Pekka
Lautiainen
Erkki
Lavanti
Pasi
Lehikoinen
Harri
Lehtimäki
Jukka Tapio
Lehtimäki
Kari Juhani
Lehtimäki
Jukka Antero
Lehtinen
Riku Tapani
Lehtinen
Markku
Lehto
Arto
Lehtola
Jari Antero
Lehtola
Jari
Leino
Markku Juha Antero
Leinonen
Heimo Uolevi
Lempiäinen
Alpo Juhani
Leppäaho
Jari Pentti
Leppäharju
Juha
Leppänen
Sture Magnus
Liewendahl
Eero Olavi
Liikanen
Esa
Liikka
Ilkka
Liinamaa
Juhani
Liivola
Peter
Lindblom
Ilkka Sakari
Lindgren
Jouni
Lindroos
Jyrki Tapio
Lintovuo
Jouni Kalevi
Liukkonen
Markku Tapio
Liukkonen
Caj-Christian
Liukonen
Jukka-Pekka
Loimu
Juha
Loponen
Pekka
Louniala
Aslak
Lukander
Aulis Mikael
Lumiaho
Seppo
Lumiaho
Harri
Luoma
Heikki
Luoma
Juha
Luoma
Jari
Lusa
Olli Pekka
Luukkainen-Foei
Jouko Kalevi
Luukkanen
Marko
Luukkonen
Kimmo
Lyly
Ari Pekka
Lyyski
Pertti Tapani
Lyytinen
Juhani Eemil
Länsiö
Jim
Löfgren
Antti
Lönnrot
Keijo Hannes
Maksimoinen
Timo
Malinen
Jukka
Malm
Harri
Malmén
Jari
Manelius
Matti
Mannila
Kari
Manninen
Esko
Mantila
Tommi
Mantila
Harri Ensio
Marjala
Kari Antero
Marjamäki
Pekka
Marjomaa
Jukka Tapani
Markki
Arne Johannes
Markko
Jari
Markkula
Ari Tapio
Martikainen
Petri
Martikainen
Tomi
Martikainen
Veli Matti Paavali
Martikainen
Juho
Martiskainen
Juha
Marttila
Heikki Ilmari
Maskulin
Jaakko Tapani
Matero
Pekka
Matilainen
Juha
Mattila
Petri Matti Mikael
Mattila
Vesa-Pekka Artturi
Mattila
Hannu
Mattinen
Benny
Mattsson
Pasi Arvi Olavi
Meinander
Hannu
Merilaita
Harri
Metso
Reijo
Miettinen
Timo
Miettinen
Timo Johannes
Miettinen
Jari
Mikkola
Jari Esko Juhani
Mikkola
Tero Tapio
Minkkinen
Tapio Ilmari
Mommo
Jukka Tapio
Mursinoff
Jorma
Mustonen
Ossi
Mustonen
Vesa Jarmo Kalevi
Mustonen
Juha
Muurinen
Ilpo
Myllykangas
Matti Kari Johannes
Myllynen
Tuomo
Myllärinen
Herkko Tapio
Mäensivu
Tapani Kullervo
Mäki
Hannu Juhani
Mäkinen
Jarkko Tapani
Mäkinen
Seppo Kalevi
Mäkinen
Taneli
Mäkinen
Heikki Juhani
Männikkö
Olli-Pekka
Männistö
Kari
Mänttäri
Martti Mikko Ilmari
Mäntykangas
Matti Lauri Johannes
Mäntylä
Ari
Määttä
Ari
Määttä
Jari
Määttä
Jukka Eemil
Määttä
Risto
Määttä
Seppo
Möller
Jarmo
Mölsä
Juha Kalevi
Möykkynen
Petri
Naroma
Jari Pekka
Nenonen
Leo
Nenonen
Mauri
Nenonen
Jorma Antero
Nerg
Jorma
Nevala
Juha
Niemelä
Juha Herman
Niemelä
Jari Kalevi
Niemi
Martti
Niemi
Kari-Veli
Niemi
Ari Juhani
Nieminen
Erkki
Nieminen
Esa
Nieminen
Petri Kalevi
Nieminen
Tero
Nieminen
Jukka
Niinikoski
Voitto Johannes
Niittyaho
Tero
Nikander
Jukka
Nikkari
Lauri Taavetti
Nikkinen
Pentti Olavi
Niskanen
Esko
Nissinen
Kimmo Juhani
Nokelainen
Jouni
Norppa
Kari
Nousiainen
Pentti
Nurmela
Markku
Nurmi
Harri
Nyholm
Jouni
Nykänen
Jouni
Nyström
Jyrki
Näveri
Jari Olavi Antero
Ohtamaa
Hannu
Oinas
Ari
Ojala
Heikki
Ojanen
Pekka
Ojanperä
Timo Martti Olavi
Oksanen
Martti Antero
Ollila
Tauno
Ollila
Juha Pekka
Ollonqvist
Pasi Lauri
Onkamo
Raimo
Ovaska
Juha
Ovaskainen
Matti Juhani
Paalanen
Kari Allan
Paavilainen
Ari
Pakarinen
Markku Tapio
Pakarinen
Heikki Tapani
Palin
Hannu Antero
Palmgren
Pekka
Palmu
Tapio Olavi
Palmunen
Jalo Juha Ensio
Palosaari
Juha Markku
Parhiala
Ohi Tapani
Parkkinen
Ari
Parkkola
Pekka Tapani
Partanen
Petteri
Partanen
Tapio
Partio
Harri
Parviainen
Juha
Paukku
Benny
Paulsson
Tero Juhani
Pehrman
Jouni Vilho Matias
Pehu
Harri Juhani
Pekkala
Jaakko
Pelimanni
Panu
Pelkonen
Hannu Kalevi
Pellinen
Heikki
Peltomäki
Peter
Peltonen
Mauri
Penttilä
Erkki Risto Juhani
Penttinen
Esa
Perikanta
Eero
Pernu
Vesa Antero
Perälä
Hemmo
Pesonen
Mikko Tapio
Pesonen
Harry
Pettersson
Jukka Kalevi
Pietilä
Arno Juhani
Pihkala
Ahti
Piikki
Erkki
Piirainen
Lassi Juhani
Piirainen
Mika Heikki
Piiroinen
Perttu
Piiroinen
Mikko Ilmari
Pimiä
Asko
Pirkkanen
Yrjö Matias
Pirnes
Pasi
Pirttikoski
Veli-Matti
Pitkäjärvi
Kari Tapio
Pitkälä
Jarmo Olavi
Pitkänen
Matti Juhani
Pitkänen
Petri
Pitkänen
Arto
Pohjola
Jouni Kalervo
Ponnikas
Vesa Pentti Tapio
Porri
Taisto Kalevi
Puhakka
Tino Pentti Tapani
Puhakka
Markku
Puljn
Arvi
Pulkkinen
Ilmo
Pulkkinen
Ari Jukka
Purho
Jukka
Purhonen
Arto
Purkunen
Reijo
Putkinen
Juha
Puustinen
Ari
Pylkkänen
Mauri Ensio
Pylkkönen
Risto Eelis
Pynnönen
Pasi Johannes
Pyykkö
Pauli
Pyykkö
Kalle Juha Timo
Pyöräniemi
Pekka Heikki
Päivike
Esa
Pärnä
Petri Johannes
Pääkkönen
Jukka-Pekka
Pöllänen
Harri
Qvintus
Mikko
Rahja
Kari Tapani
Rahko
Tapio
Raittila
Jaakko
Raivio
Kimmo Tapani
Rajala
Pekka
Rankinen
Jukka
Ranta
Jari
Rantala
Markku
Rantala
Heikki Juhani
Rantanen
Jukka Kalevi
Rantanen
Juha
Rantasalo
Mikko
Rapakko
Risto
Rasinmäki
Harri Pekka
Rauhala
Jouni
Raunio
Keijo Tapio
Rautanen
Juhapekka
Rautava
Ari
Rautiainen
Mika
Rautio
Anssi Olavi
Rehunen
Esa
Rehunen
Ilkka
Rekola
Urpo Tapio
Remsu
Markus
Renko
Tero
Repo
Mika-Petteri
Riikonen
Vesa Aatos
Riipi
Rauno Juhani
Riitinki
Kari
Ringman
Erkki Juhani
Rintala
Veli-Matti
Rintala
Jukka-Pekka
Rissanen
Pertti Kalevi
Ristijoki
Veli Juhani
Ristimäki
Jari
Ristola
Juha
Ristola
Mikko
Ritola
Jarkko
Roivainen
Teuvo
Romppanen
Hannu
Roukala
Vesa Väinö
Rouvila
Veijo
Ruohola
Janne
Ruuhunen
Pertri Mikael
Ruuska
Petri Juhani
Rytsölä
Vesa
Ryynänen
Erkki Johannes
Råman
Pekka Allan
Räkköläinen
Esa-Matti
Rämä
Reijo Olavi
Rönkkö
Teppo Tapani
Saareks
Ilkka
Saarela
Tapio
Saarelainen
Ilkka Harri Antero
Saari
Juha
Saari
Jukka-Pekka
Saari
Kari Juhani
Saari
Keijo
Saarijärvi
Harri Petteri
Saarinen
Jarmo Petri
Saarinen
Juha
Saarinen
Veijo
Saarinen
Ilkka Juhani
Saastamoinen
Ismo
Sakala
Jouni Mikael
Salmela
Olli-Matti
Salminen
Kari
Salomaa
Seppo
Salomaa
Veli-Pekka
Salonen
Matti Sakari
Sandelin
Markus
Santasalo
Kari
Sarajärvi
Markku
Sarajärvi
Pasi
Sarkola
Janne
Sarpoma
Mikko Tapani
Sarsila
Jussi Antero
Satokari
Markku
Saukkoriipi
Ari Heikki Tapani
Saurus
Reijo
Savioja
Juha
Savisaari
Sauli Veikko
Savisalo
Timo
Savolainen
Jarmo
Schuurman
Jouko
Seitakari
Jyri Juhani
Selvenius
Mika Antero
Seppä
Olli
Seppälä
Veijo
Seppälä
Kari
Seppälä
Ale Kullervo
Seppänen
Arno
Seppänen
Markus Kimmo
Seppänen
Raimo
Sevón
Matti
Shemeikka
Esa-Olli
Sievänen
Juha-Pekka Adam
Sievänen
Arto
Sihvo
Juhani
Sihvonen
Kyösti
Siitonen
Pasi Petteri
Siivonen
Gunnar
Silander
Juha
Sillanpää
Mauri
Sillanpää
Vesa
Siltakorpi
Antti
Siltala
Jukka
Siltanen
Jari
Simi
Keijo
Simola
Jari
Simontaival
Teppo Juhani
Sinkkonen
Lauri Tapio
Sipari
Veli-Matti
Sipola
Jyrki
Sirkeinen
Jari Tapio
Sirola
Martti
Siren
Markku Juhani
Siuko
Hannu Tapio
Sjöblom
Jan Torolf
Sjöwall
Juha Seppo Ilmari
Skinnari
Kai
Skogström
Seppo Juhani
Soikkeli
Antti Olavi
Soini
Marko Tapio
Soini
Ari
Soininen
Hannu
Somero
Jorma
Sompinmäki
Jari
Sormunen
Ilkka
Sovijärvi
Harri Olavi
Suhonen
Tapani
Sulasalmi
Ilmo
Sulkinoja
Jorma
Summanen
Ismo
Suntio
Jouni Urpo Kalervo
Suomalainen
Ari Harri Ilmari
Suontausta
Jari
Suopajärvi
Mika Juhani
Suorajärvi
Juha
Suurnäkki
Jorma Henrik Juhani
Suuronen
Mika
Suutarinen
Anders
Svebilius
Jari
Särmä
Risto
Tahvanainen
Juha Antero
Taima
Erkki Johannes
Takkinen
Kari
Takussaari
Matti Iisak
Talvitie
Risto
Tammenoksa
Tuomo
Tammi
Kimmo Uolevi
Tamminen
Pasi-Olli
Tamminen
Raimo
Tarkiainen
Kari
Tapala
Mika
Tapanainen
Matti
Taskinen
Olli
Taskinen
Urpo
Taskinen
Hannu
Teitto
Antti Ilmari
Tervo
Markku Olavi
Tervo
Ari Tapani
Tiainen
Antti
Ticklén
Benjamin
Ticklén
Keijo
Tiitola
Ari
Tikka
Juha
Tikka
Kyösti
Toivola
Tom Antero
Toivonen
Jukka
Tolin
Antti
Tolonen
Raimo
Tolonen
Vesa Pekka
Tolvanen
Jouni
Tommila
Pertti Tapio
Torkkeli
Pekka
Torri
Pekka
Toukola
Jussi Oskar
Tudeer
Jyrki
Tulppala
Erkki Johannes
Tuomela
Ismo
Tuomisto
Jari Juhani
Tuomisto
Seppo Kalevi
Tuovinen
Juhani
Tupasela
Jukka
Turkia
Harry
Turtiainen
Juha
Turunen
Jarmo Eerik
Tuulaniemi
Reijo Tapani
Tuulasjärvi
Timo
Tuuri
Matti
Tyni
Mika
Tyry
Kari Tapio
Tölli
Jukka
Törmänen
Seppo
Uitto
Leo
Ukkonen
Mika
Ukkonen
Petri
Uosukainen
Manu Juha
Uotila
Kari
Uski
Keijo
Uusitalo
Reima Ensio
Uusitalo
Taito
Uutela
Onni Ilmari
Vaarala
Pekka
Vaarala
Kari Akseli
Wahlström
Ilkka
Vahtokari
Pasi Artturi
Vainio
Ari
Vainionpää
Veli Sakari
Valkama
Matti
Valkeapää
Hannu Matias
Valkeejärvi
Timo
Valkeejärvi
Pekka
Wallenstjerna
Veli-Matti Tapio
Valli
Toivo Markku Kalevi
Valolahti
Jari Pertti
Valtanen
Taisto Kalevi
Vanhamäki
Pekka
Varjonen
Jukka Pekka
Varjus
Sami Tapio
Warjus
Carl-Magnus
Wasenius
Eljas Olavi
Vatanen
Ari Kristian
Wan
Esapekka
Vehkaoja
Lauri
Wenlin
Matti
Vesikko
Mika
Vesikko
Esko Ilmari
Wesslin
Ulf Johan
Wickström
Keijo Krister Rafael
Wigren
Ari
Vihreäluoto
Harri
Vihula
Heikki
Viinamäki
Jukka-Pekka
Viinikka
Timo Herman
Viinikka
Lassi August Pellervo
Viisanen
Jouni
Viitanen
Heikki Juhani
Vikstedt
Ilkka Teemu
Wilén
Erkki Matti Olavi
Viljakainen
Leo
Viljanen
Mikko
Viljanen
Pentti Pellervo
Villanen
Ari Pekka
Virrankoski
Arto Johan
Virtanen
Jukka-Pekka
Virtanen
Jussi
Virtanen
Petri
Virtanen
Teemu Juhani
Virtanen
Veli-Pekka
Virtanen
Ari Olavi
Voutilainen
Kimmo Kalervo
Voutilainen
Jouni Antero
Vuorela
Juha
Vuorela
Lauri
Vuorela
Sakari
Vuorenmaa
Jyrki Tapio
Wuori
Petteri
Vuorinen
Reijo Ilmari
Väisänen
Viljo Pekka Tapio
Väisänen
Ilkka Allan
Välimaa
Juha
Välimäki
Urpo
Välitalo
Heikki
Väänänen
Matti
Ylimaunu
Pasi Eerik
Ylitalo
Jari Antero
Ylä-Outinen
Seppo Ilmari
Åke
Mikko Tapani
Äikäs
Full & Egal Universal Law Academy