Published on 30 May 2023
SECOND SECTION
Application no. 57518/22
Mariya Andreyevna BOBROVA against Russia
and 24 other applications
(see list appended)
PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
Following a preliminary examination of the admissibility of the applications on 4 May 2023, the Court decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (b) of the Rules of Court, that notice of the applications should be given to the Government of Russia.
In the applications marked by an asterisk, other complaints were raised. This part of the applications has been struck out of the Court’s list of cases or declared inadmissible by the Court, sitting in a single-judge formation, assisted by a rapporteur as provided for in Article 24 § 2 of the Convention.
In the enclosed list of applications, whenever an applicant is referred to using initials, this indicates that the Court has authorised anonymity for that person, whose identity will not be disclosed to the public (Rule 47 § 4).
For further information on the procedure following communication of an application brought against Russia, subject of well-established case law of the Court, please refer to the Court’s website.
SUBJECT MATTER
The applications concern complaints raised under Article 11 of the Convention relating to disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies which are the subject of well-established case law of the Court (see Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013).
APPENDIX – STATEMENT OF FACTS
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Name of the public event
Location
Date
Administrative charges
Penalty
Final domestic decision
Court Name
Date
Other complaints under well-established case-law
57518/22
13/11/2022
Mariya Andreyevna BOBROVA
2003
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
21/07/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO[1];
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 3.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station from 4.45 p.m. to 9 p.m. after the offence report was compiled[2];
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based[3].
40/23
10/11/2022
Dmitriy Konstantinovich KAZAK
1998
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
11/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.25 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 7.30 p.m. to 11.54 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
42/23*
23/11/2022
Andrey Anatolyevich PETRITSKIY
1955
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
29/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.15 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the report was compiled (from 3.40 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.33 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
70/23*
11/11/2022
Yelena Vladimirovna UKUSOVA
1971
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
13/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 4.20 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station after the offence report was compiled (from 5.20 p.m. to 9.10 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
901/23*
29/11/2022
Valentina Nikolayevna KORSHIKOVA
1996
Yuliya Valeryevna Malinina
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
29/07/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.40 p.m. and released at 7.30 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
1184/23
25/11/2022
Anisiya Yevgenyevna BORISENKO
1994
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
25/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 4.40 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the report was compiled (from 5.40 p.m. to 9.25 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - unfair criminal proceedings - the courts refused to summon defence witnesses and to adduce videos/photos upon the applicant’s request who wanted to prove that the protest had been peaceful;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
1194/23*
08/12/2022
Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich MENDELEV
1983
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
09/08/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based;
Art. 6 (1) - unfair criminal proceedings - the courts refused to summon defence witnesses and to adduce videos/photos upon the applicant’s request who wanted to prove that he had not participated in the protest but had been arrested while walking nearby.
1203/23
29/11/2022
Anatoliy Igorevich LOGACHEV
1990
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
09/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 3.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 12.10 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
1515/23
21/12/2022
Denis Leonidovich BELYAKOV
1968
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
25/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.15 p.m., brought to the police station at 4 p.m. and released at 10.15 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based; the appeal court’s refusal to summon and examine defence witnesses who could have supported the applicant’s account of events.
1693/23*
04/12/2022
Anastasiya Alekseyevna NIKONOROVA
1997
Oleg Vladimirovich Filatchev
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
05/08/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.
1694/23
16/12/2022
Yevgeniya Yevgenyevna SMIRNOVA
1991
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
23/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.45 p.m., brought to the police station at 5.05 p.m. and released at 9.15 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
1701/23*
30/11/2022
Rafael Ruslanovich SADRTDINOV
1995
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
03/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 4.20 p.m. and brought to the police station at 6.40 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 12.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
1779/23*
17/12/2022
Anna Pavlovna BYCHENKOVA
1996
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
31/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.45 p.m. and released at 8.10 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
4248/23
26/12/2022
Kirill Alekseyevich DMITRIYEV
1995
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
07/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.05 p.m. and brought to the police station at 3.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 12 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
4469/23*
29/12/2022
Valeriy Anatolyevich VOVK
1967
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
31/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
4801/23*
06/01/2023
Maksim Anatolyevich KONNYCHEV
1991
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
07/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.
5092/23
03/01/2023
Roman Sergeyevich POZDNYAKOV
1990
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
13/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.50 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence record was compiled (from 4.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.45 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
5096/23
15/12/2022
Leonid Pavlovich VARFOLOMEYEV
1996
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
15/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.15 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO, detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence record was compiled (from 3.25 p.m. to 7.20 p.m. on 06/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
5113/23*
10/12/2022
Yekaterina Valentinovna NOVIKOVA
1952
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
17/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
5117/23*
04/01/2023
Mstislav Igorevich BABCHENKO
1994
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
05/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest at 2.30 p.m. and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of three hours after the offence report was compiled (from 4.20 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 12.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
5832/23*
12/01/2023
Yevgeniy Valeryevich ROMANOVSKIY
1995
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
15/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
6011/23*
20/12/2022
Danila Vasilyevich CHURMANTEYEV
1975
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
29/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - arrest and escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO.
6751/23
21/12/2022
Anastasiya Mikhaylovna KOSTYUKHINA
1990
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
23/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.40 p.m., brought to the police station at 5.10 p.m. and released at 10.10 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
6762/23*
06/01/2023
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich ZRAZHEVSKIY
1982
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
07/09/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence report and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO; detention at the police station in excess of 3 hours after the offence report was compiled (arrested at 2.30 p.m. and brought to the police station at 4 p.m. on 06/03/2022, released at 1.30 a.m. on 07/03/2022);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
7265/23
26/10/2022
Dmitriy Igorevich PEYCH
1985
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
27/06/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty - escorting to the police station on 06/03/2022 for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence: no evidence / assessment that it was impracticable, on the spot, to compile the offence record and achieve the objectives set out in the CAO (arrested at 3.30 p.m., brought to the police station at 4.45 p.m. and released at 9.15 p.m.);
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings under Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO;
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
[1] Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016.
[2] Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019.
[3] Schatschaschwili v. Germany [GC], no. 9154/10, §§ 100-31, ECHR 2015, and Murtazaliyeva v. Russia [GC], no. 36658/05, §§ 150-59, 18 December 2018.