SECOND SECTION
CASE OF ATAMAN AND OTHERS v. TÜRKİYE
(Applications nos. 14676/17 and 30 others –
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
6 September 2022
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Ataman and Others v. Türkiye,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Pauliine Koskelo, President,
Gilberto Felici,
Saadet Yüksel, judges,
and Hasan Bakırcı, Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications against the Republic of Türkiye lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by thirty-one Turkish nationals, whose relevant details are listed in the appended table (“the applicants”), on the various dates indicated therein;
the decision to give notice of the applications to the Turkish Government (“the Government”) represented by their Agent, Mr Hacı Ali Açıkgül, Head of the Department of Human Rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Türkiye;
the parties’ observations;
the decision to reject the Government’s objection to the examination of the applications by a Committee;
Having deliberated in private on 28 June 2022,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The present applications mainly concern the arrest and pre-trial detention of the applicants in the aftermath of the coup attempt of 15 July 2016, on suspicion of their membership of an organisation described by the Turkish authorities as the “Fetullahist Terrorist Organisation / Parallel State Structure” (Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü / Paralel Devlet Yapılanması, hereinafter referred to as “FETÖ/PDY”), which was considered by the authorities to be behind the coup attempt (further information regarding the events that unfolded after the coup attempt, including the details of the state of emergency declared by the respondent Government and the ensuing notice of derogation given to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, as well as the legislative developments that followed the declaration of the state of emergency, may be found in the case of Baş v. Turkey, no. 66448/17, §§ 7-14 and §§ 109-110, 3 March 2020). All of the applicants were serving as judges or prosecutors at different types and/or levels of court at the material time.
2. On 16 July 2016 the Ankara chief public prosecutor’s office initiated a criminal investigation into, inter alios, the suspected members of FETÖ/PDY within the judiciary, including members of high courts, in accordance with the provisions of the ordinary law, on the ground that there had been a case of discovery in flagrante delicto falling within the jurisdiction of the assize courts (further information regarding the orders issued by the chief public prosecutor’s office within the context of that investigation, as well as the ensuing suspensions and dismissals of judges and prosecutors suspected of being members of FETÖ/PDY, may be found in Baş, cited above, §§ 9-10 and 15-21).
3. Following their arrest and detention in police custody on the orders of the regional and provincial prosecutors’ offices, the applicants were placed in pre-trial detention on various dates, mainly on suspicion of membership of the FETÖ/PDY organisation, an offence punishable under Article 314 of the Criminal Code (see Baş, cited above, § 58). The pre-trial detention decisions were issued by the magistrates’ courts located at the respective places of the applicants’ arrest. In the majority of the decisions, it was noted specifically that the criminal investigation was governed by the ordinary rules, given that the offence of which the suspects were accused, namely membership of an armed terrorist organisation, was a “continuing offence” and that there was a case of discovery in flagrante delicto governed by the relevant provisions of domestic law (see Baş, cited above, § 67, and Turan and Others v. Turkey, nos. 75805/16 and 426 others, §§ 30-31, 23 November 2021).
4. According to the latest information provided by the parties, most of the applicants were convicted of membership of a terrorist organisation by the first instance courts, and a few were acquitted. It appears that, for the most part, the appeal proceedings are still pending.
5. In the meantime, the applicants lodged individual applications with the Constitutional Court in respect of, inter alia, the alleged violation of their right to liberty and security on various accounts, including the alleged unlawfulness of their detention by reason of the disregard of the procedural safeguards afforded to members of the judiciary in domestic law, all of which were declared inadmissible (see Turan and Others, cited above, §§ 26-27).
THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS6. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION7. The applicants complained that they had been placed in pre-trial detention in breach of the domestic laws governing the arrest and pre-trial detention of the members of the judiciary and disputed that there had been a case of discovery in flagrante delicto for the purposes of section 94 of Law no. 2802 on judges and prosecutors and section 46 of the Court of Cassation Act (Law no. 2797).
8. The Government invited the Court to declare this complaint inadmissible for the reasons that they had raised in the case of Turan and Others (cited above, § 55). The Court notes that the Government’s objections have already been dismissed in the case of Turan and Others (cited above, §§ 57 - 64) and sees no reason to depart from those findings in the present case. The Court therefore considers that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
9. The Court further considers, having regard to its findings in the cases of Baş and Turan and Others (both cited above, §§ 143-158 and §§ 79-96, respectively), that the pre-trial detention of the applicants had not taken place in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention and that, therefore, there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 on account of the unlawfulness of the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention. Moreover, while the applicants were detained a short time after the coup attempt – that is, the event that prompted the declaration of the state of emergency and the notice of derogation by Türkiye –, which is undoubtedly a contextual factor that should be fully taken into account in interpreting and applying Article 5 of the Convention in the present case, the measure at issue cannot be said to have been strictly required by the exigencies of the situation (see Baş, cited above, §§ 115-116 and §§ 159-162, and Turan and Others, cited above, §§ 91 and 95).
OTHER COMPLAINTS10. As regards any remaining complaints under Article 5 §§ 1, 3, 4 and 5, the Court decides not to examine them, in view of its findings under Article 5 § 1 above and its considerations in the case of Turan and Others (cited above, § 98).
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
11. The applicants requested compensation in varying amounts in respect of non‑pecuniary damage. Most of the applicants also claimed pecuniary damage, corresponding mainly to their loss of earnings resulting from their dismissal, as well as the legal costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts and the Court.
12. The Government contested the applicants’ claims as being unsubstantiated and excessive.
13. For the reasons put forth in Turan and Others (cited above, §§ 102-107), the Court rejects any claims for pecuniary damage and awards each of the applicants a lump sum of 5,000 euros (EUR), covering non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
Decides to join the applications;Declares the complaint under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention concerning the lawfulness of the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention admissible;Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention on account of the unlawfulness of the initial pre-trial detention of the applicants;Holds that there is no need to examine the admissibility and merits of the applicants’ remaining complaints under Article 5 of the Convention;Holds(a) that the respondent State is to pay each of the applicants, within three months, EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable on these amounts, which are to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Dismisses the remainder of the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction.Done in English, and notified in writing on 6 September 2022, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Hasan Bakırcı Pauliine Koskelo
Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of cases:
No.
Application no.
Case name
Lodged on
Applicant
Date of Birth
Represented by
1.
14676/17
Ataman v. Türkiye
11/01/2017
İbrahim Tufan ATAMAN
29/07/1968
Beyza Esma TUNA
2.
15648/17
Demir v. Türkiye
19/01/2017
Coşkun DEMİR
15/12/1958
İsmail Safa AKKUŞ
3.
60397/17
Arseven v. Türkiye
14/04/2017
Muammer ARSEVEN
22/09/1968
Hüseyin AYGÜN
4.
62630/17
Genç v. Türkiye
30/06/2017
Mustafa GENÇ
05/01/1967
Hüseyin AYGÜN
5.
62632/17
Çırak v. Türkiye
30/06/2017
Halil ÇIRAK
06/06/1966
Hüseyin AYGÜN
6.
62636/17
Ekinci v. Türkiye
30/06/2017
Mehmet Vehip EKİNCİ
18/07/1963
Hüseyin AYGÜN
7.
62640/17
İşlek v. Türkiye
30/06/2017
Kemalettin İŞLEK
01/01/1969
Hüseyin AYGÜN
8.
62914/17
Yılbaşı v. Türkiye
04/05/2017
Hannan YILBAŞI
17/10/1971
Ekrem Bahadır MERCANTAŞ
9.
72263/17
Acu v. Türkiye
24/08/2017
Oktay ACU
15/11/1968
Necip Fazıl YILDIZ
10.
76346/17
Saylak v. Türkiye
06/10/2017
Esabil SAYLAK
05/06/1967
İsmet ÇELİK
11.
81572/17
Seyhan v. Türkiye
06/11/2017
Edat Yücel SEYHAN
09/10/1969
Hüseyin AYGÜN
12.
6156/18
Bayrak v. Türkiye
22/01/2018
Ramazan BAYRAK
08/04/1965
Hüseyin AYGÜN
13.
7206/18
Emiroğlu v. Türkiye
29/01/2018
Turgut EMİROĞLU
02/10/1965
Seydi Ahmet ÖZDEMİR
14.
17506/18
Ural v. Türkiye
12/02/2018
Sami Sezai URAL
01/04/1968
Melike Büşra URAL
15.
2779/19
Güleç v. Türkiye
14/12/2018
Nuri GÜLEÇ
01/01/1969
Serra YAĞMUR ERGÜÇ
16.
11439/19
Kıldan v. Türkiye
15/02/2019
İsmail Turgut KILDAN
01/01/1983
Emre AKARYILDIZ
17.
11822/19
Kaya v. Türkiye
13/02/2019
Hacı Osman KAYA
10/08/1965
Kübra KAYA
18.
20004/19
Özer v. Türkiye
09/02/2019
Cumhur ÖZER
02/09/1969
Handan CAN
19.
25373/19
Sönmez v. Türkiye
03/05/2019
Mehmet SÖNMEZ
01/09/1970
Hüseyin AYGÜN
20.
25426/19
Sözen v. Türkiye
24/04/2019
Bekir SÖZEN
16/08/1964
Seda SÖZEN
21.
25878/19
Demirci v. Türkiye
15/04/2019
Ünal DEMİRCİ
03/03/1960
22.
27279/19
Güney v. Türkiye
07/05/2019
Muhammet GÜNEY
15/06/1968
Ayhan DOĞAN
23.
28562/19
Demir v. Türkiye
09/05/2019
Hasan DEMİR
01/09/1969
Hüseyin AYGÜN
24.
29063/19
Arı v. Türkiye
31/05/2019
Mehmet ARI
15/10/1965
Arzu Şeyma ARI
25.
29353/19
Yıldız v. Türkiye
11/05/2019
Ali YILDIZ
01/12/1965
Handan CAN
26.
33507/19
Çelik v. Türkiye
14/06/2019
Mehmet ÇELİK
23/01/1969
Tarık Said GÜLDİBİ
27.
37094/19
Taşkın v. Türkiye
27/06/2019
Ahmet TAŞKIN
26/01/1965
Hüseyin AYGÜN
28.
37126/19
Aydın v. Türkiye
05/07/2019
Oktay AYDIN
04/09/1971
Tarık Said GÜLDİBİ
29.
39236/19
Tosun v. Türkiye
24/06/2019
Yılmaz TOSUN
04/08/1963
Serra YAĞMUR ERGÜÇ
30.
43562/19
Toker v. Türkiye
03/08/2019
Ahmet TOKER
24/05/1969
Beyza Esma TUNA
31.
44461/19
Boyraz v. Türkiye
15/08/2019
Orhan BOYRAZ
15/08/1970