FIRST SECTION
CASE OF NAZAREDSKAYA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 52077/22 and 22 others –
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
18 January 2024
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Nazaredskaya and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Péter Paczolay, President,
Gilberto Felici,
Raffaele Sabato, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 14 December 2023,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of nationwide protests against the Russian military attack on Ukraine. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.
THE LAW
JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
JURISDICTION6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023).
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION7. The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention.
8. The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006‑XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009).
9. In the leading cases of Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014, and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants’ freedom of assembly were not “necessary in a democratic society”.
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible.
13. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; and Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58‑85, 20 September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (CAO).
REMAINING COMPLAINTS14. Some applicants raised further additional complaints under Article 6 of the Convention concerning other aspects of fairness of the administrative-offence proceedings. In view of the findings in paragraphs 11 and 13 above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
Decides to join the applications;Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with the applicants’ complaints as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022;Declares the complaints under Article 11 of the Convention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and finds that there is no need to examine separately the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention;Holds that these complaints disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention;Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);Holds(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 18 January 2024, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina Péter Paczolay
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Name of the public event
Location
Date
Administrative charges
Penalty
Final domestic decision
Court Name
Date
Other complaints under well-established case-law
Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage per applicant (in euros)[1]
52077/22
21/10/2022
Sofya Igorevna NAZAREDSKAYA
2000
Anti-war protest
Moscow
26/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
21/06/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
3,500
52436/22
21/10/2022
Sergey Georgiyevich KOLESNIKOV
1970
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
29/06/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from
4.25 p.m. until 11.50 p.m. on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
54282/22
02/11/2022
Kori MALTS
2002
Anti-war protest
Moscow
24/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
05/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 9 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until 6 a.m. 25/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
54431/22
29/10/2022
Anastasiya Stanislavovna YAKUBA
2001
Baranova Nataliya Andreyevna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
29/06/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
56096/22
10/11/2022
Vladimir Yevgenyevich KONSHIN
1981
Anti-war protest
Moscow
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
25/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 4.30 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 1.35 a.m. on 28/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56112/22
20/11/2022
Nadezhda Viktorovna UTKINA
1986
Baranova Nataliya Andreyevna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
24/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
21/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 7.40 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until 2 a.m. on 25/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56387/22
21/11/2022
Daniil Sergeyevich BOROZDIN
1996
Anti-war protest
Moscow
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
21/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 6.05 p.m.
on 27/02/2022 until 12.30 a.m. on 28/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56818/22
09/11/2022
Arina Igorevna MAKAROVA
1999
Baranova Nataliya Andreyevna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
13/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56891/22
08/12/2022
Igor Gennadyevich SYCHEV
2000
Ushakov Timofey Borisovich
Kokoshkino
Anti-war protest
Moscow
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
15/08/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
3,500
56909/22
01/12/2022
Maksim Glebovich MELENCHENKO
2001
Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
Moscow
03/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
03/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 03/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56917/22
18/11/2022
Varvara Andreyevna POPOVA
2001
Baranova Nataliya Andreyevna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
03/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
19/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 03/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56927/22
28/11/2022
Ivan Nikolayevich LOZHKIN
1985
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
29/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 3.35 p.m. until 9.40 p.m. on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
56928/22
25/11/2022
Polina Aleksandrovna LEMESHEVA
1994
Timireva Olga Vladimirovna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
25/08/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
3,500
57020/22
13/11/2022
Sergey Igorevich KRAUKLISH
1969
Zyryanova Mariya Sergeyevna
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
14/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 2.50 p.m. until 9.15 p.m. on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57033/22
15/11/2022
Anna Mikhaylovna MUKHOYAN
1999
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
15/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57339/22
19/11/2022
Ivan Dmitriyevich MITRAKOV
1993
Anti-war protest
Moscow
03/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
19/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 03/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57396/22
17/11/2022
Olga Dmitriyevna SLUZHBINA
2002
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
29/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57514/22
17/11/2022
Galina Vladimirovna BOBROVA
1968
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
25/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57517/22
08/12/2022
Tatyana Valeryevna DAVIDIS
1969
Anti-war protest
Moscow
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
15/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 4.50 p.m. until 11 p.m. on 27/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57546/22
29/11/2022
Nataliya Aleksandrovna LAUVE
2000
Baranova Natalya Andreyevna
Moscow
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
29/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57583/22
19/11/2022
Mikhail Mikhaylovich STARIKOV
1983
Anti-war protest
Moscow
03/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
21/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to and detention at the police station for compiling an offence report from 7.40 p.m. on 03/03/2022 until 1.30 a.m. on 04/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57714/22
08/12/2022
Yelena Aleksandrovna DOBRIKOVA
1992
Ushakov Timofey Borisovich
Kokoshkino
Anti-war protest
Moscow
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
17/08/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 27/02/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
57852/22
21/11/2022
Yevgeniy Yuryevich SIMONOV
1977
Anti-war protest
Moscow
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
21/07/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention – escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 06/03/2022;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.
4,000
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.