SECOND SECTION
CASE OF IONOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 6991/15 and 21 others –
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
11 May 2023
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Ionov and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Lorraine Schembri Orland, President,
Frédéric Krenc,
Davor Derenčinović, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 13 April 2023,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers and/or participants of public assemblies. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.
THE LAW
JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
JURISDICTION6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023).
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION7. The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers and/or participants of public assemblies, namely the dispersal of these assemblies, as well as their arrest followed by their conviction for administrative offence. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention.
8. The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006‑XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009).
9. In the leading cases of Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts); Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014; and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants’ freedom of assembly were not “necessary in a democratic society”.
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW12. The applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its well‑established case-law (see Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 84-138, 10 April 2018, as regards unlawful administrative arrest, and Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, 20 September 2016, concerning examination of criminal cases in the absence of a prosecuting party in the judicial proceedings governed by the Federal Code of Administrative Offences (CAO)).
REMAINING COMPLAINTS13. In view of its findings above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention raised by some of the applicants in relation to other aspects of the fairness of the proceedings.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION14. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see, in particular, Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table and dismisses the remainder of the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
Decides to join the applications;Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with the applicants’ complaints as they relate to the facts that took place before 16 September 2022;Declares the complaints concerning the right to peaceful assembly and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and decides that it is not necessary to examine separately the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention concerning other aspects of the fairness of the proceedings;Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention concerning the right to peaceful assembly;Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);Holds(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.
Dismisses the reminder of the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction.Done in English, and notified in writing on 11 May 2023, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina Lorraine Schembri Orland
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Name of the public event
Location
Date
Administrative charges
Penalty
Final domestic decision
Court Name
Date
Other complaints under well‑established case‑law
Amount awarded for pecuniary and non‑pecuniary damage, and costs and expenses per applicant
(in euros)[1]
6991/15
30/01/2015
Dmitriy Erikovich IONOV
1987
Mezak Ernest Aleksandrovich
Saint-Barthélemy d’Anjou
Manifestation against the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow
05/07/2013
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
30/07/2014
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: Moscow City Court on 30/07/2014
3,500
2136/18
05/12/2017
Nataliya Nilovna LOBOVKINA
1957
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Rally for the rotation of Russian high-ranking officials
St Petersburg
29/04/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
06/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 2.40 p.m. on 29/04/2017; taken to a police station to draw a record of administrative offence; released at 10 p.m. on the same day; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 06/06/2017
4,000
2563/18
18/12/2017
Grigoriy Andreyevich YUROV
1986
Sholokhov Igor Nikolayevich
Kazan
Anti-corruption rally
Chelyabinsk
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 8,000
Chelyabinsk Regional Court
23/06/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: Chelyabinsk Regional Court on 23/06/2017
3,500
2565/18
18/12/2017
Arslan Azatovich NIGAMATYANOV
1994
Sholokhov Igor Nikolayevich
Kazan
Anti-corruption rally
Chelyabinsk
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Chelyabinsk Regional Court
18/08/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: Chelyabinsk Regional Court on 18/08/2017
3,500
2925/18
25/12/2017
Galina Sergeyevna KULEMINA
1987
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 19.3 § 1 and 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fines of RUB 500 and RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
30/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - taken to a police station to draw a record of administrative offence: arrested at 2:10 p.m. on 12/06/2017 during the rally, released on the following day, at 11 p.m. after the court hearing; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 30/06/2017
4,000
2931/18
25/12/2017
Mikhail Valeryevich MARUSIN
1985
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 20.2 § 5 and 19.3 § 1 of CAO
fines of RUB 10,000 and RUB 500
St Petersburg City Court
27/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 3 p.m. on 12/06/2017 during the rally; taken to a police station to draw a record of administrative offence; released on the following day, after the court hearing at 8 p.m.; raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 27/06/2017
4,000
2932/18
25/12/2017
Petr Alekseyevich OGAROK
1997
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
Moscow
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
30/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 3 p.m. on 26/03/2017 during the rally; taken to a police station to draw a record of administrative offence; released on the same day, before midnight; the complaint was raised on appeal;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: Moscow City Court on 30/06/2017
4,000
2935/18
25/12/2017
Pavel Aleksandrovich VINOGRADOV
1997
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 20.2 § 5 and 19.3 § 1 of CAO
fines of RUB 10,000 and RUB 1,000
St Petersburg City Court
29/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 3 p.m. on 12/06/2017 during the rally; taken to a police station to draw a record of administrative offence; released on the following day, after the court hearing at 7 p.m.; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 29/06/2017
4,000
2952/18
09/12/2017
Gennadiy Valeryevich NELYUBIN
1976
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Rally for the rotation of Russian high-ranking officials
St Petersburg
29/04/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 04/07/2017
3,500
3109/18
11/12/2017
Dmitriy Alekseyevich METELEV
1996
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
03/08/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 5.40 p.m. and released at 11 p.m. on 26/03/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 03/08/2017
4,000
3261/18
23/12/2017
Galina Lvovna DROZDETSKAYA
1950
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Rally for the rotation of Russian high-ranking officials
St Petersburg
29/04/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 04/07/2017
3,500
3444/18
03/01/2018
Ilya Andreyevich OSTROVSKIY
1996
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption protest
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 19.3 § 1 and 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fines of RUB 500 and RUB 5,000
St Petersburg City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested on 12/06/2017 at 2.30 p.m. and released after 6 p.m. on 13/06/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 04/07/2017
4,000
3453/18
03/01/2018
Boris Aleksadrovich MEDVEDEV
1994
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
Moscow
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis – arrested at 3 p.m. on 26/03/2017 and released at 6.30 a.m. on 27/03/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: Moscow City Court on 04/07/2017
4,000
3463/18
26/12/2017
Ivan Alekseyevich LEMEKHOV
1997
Peredruk Aleksandr Dmitriyevich
St Petersburg
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
29/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 5 p.m. and released at about 9 p.m. on 26/03/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 29/06/2017
4,000
3470/18
03/01/2018
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich SKOBKAREV
1988
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 19.3 § 1 and 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fines of RUB 500 and RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 04/07/2017
3,500
3501/18
03/01/2018
Yegor Vitalyevich YEVSTAFYEV
1994
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 19.3 § 1 and 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fines of RUB 500 and RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
04/07/2017
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 04/07/2017
3,500
3573/18
20/12/2017
Lyubov Sergeyevna KALANTYRYA
1995
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 20.2 § 5 and 19.3 § 1 of CAO
fines of RUB 10,000 and RUB 1,000
St Petersburg City Court
22/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at about 2.30 p.m. on 12/06/2017 and released at about 10 p.m. after the court hearing on 13/06/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court on 22/06/2017
4,000
3625/18
11/12/2017
Dmitriy Nikolayevich GRIGORYEV
1965
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Rally for the rotation of Russian high-ranking officials
St Petersburg
29/04/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
St Petersburg City Court
20/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 2.40 p.m. and released at 7.40 p.m. on 29/04/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 20/06/2017
4,000
3627/18
11/12/2017
Yekaterina Vladimirovna MISTRYUKOVA
1977
Pyshkin Valentin Valentinovich
St Petersburg
Rally for the rotation of Russian high-ranking officials
St Petersburg
29/04/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
St Petersburg City Court
13/06/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 2.52 p.m. and released at 7.40 p.m. on 29/04/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 13/06/2017
4,000
3648/18
08/01/2018
Nikita Vadimovich SHUMKOV
1996
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
12/06/2017
Articles 20.2 § 5 and 19.3 § 1 of CAO
fines of RUB 10,000 and RUB 500
St Petersburg City Court
13/07/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested by the police during the assembly on 12/06/2017 at 4 p.m., released on 13/06/2017 after 5 p.m. after the court hearing; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in both sets of administrative-offence proceedings. Final decisions: St Petersburg City Court
13/07/2017
4,000
3650/18
12/01/2018
Kirill Sergeyevich KOROLEV
1995
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
03/08/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis - arrested at 5.30 p.m. and released at 9.10 p.m. on 26/03/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 03/08/2017
4,000
3651/18
08/01/2018
Nina Nikolayevna KHATKEVICH
1997
Terekhov Konstantin Ilyich
Moscow
Anti-corruption rally
St Petersburg
26/03/2017
Article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
03/08/2017
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis – arrested at 5.30 p.m. and released at 9.15 p.m. on 26/03/2017; the complaint was raised on appeal,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. Final decision: St Petersburg City Court on 03/08/2017
4,000
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.