SECOND SECTION
CASE OF ULUSOY AND OTHERS v. TÜRKİYE
(Application no. 73062/16 and 20 others
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
6 September 2022
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Ulusoy and Others v. Türkiye,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Branko Lubarda, President,
Jovan Ilievski,
Diana Sârcu, judges,
and, Hasan Bakırcı, Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the applications against the Republic of Türkiye lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by twenty-one Turkish nationals, whose relevant details are listed in the appended table, (“the applicants”), on the various dates indicated therein;
the decision to give notice of the applications to the Turkish Government (“the Government”) represented by their Agent, Mr Hacı Ali Açıkgül, Head of the Department of Human Rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Turkey;
the parties’ observations;
the decision to reject the Government’s objection to the examination of the applications by a Committee;
Having deliberated in private on 28 June 2022,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CASE
1. The present applications mainly concern the arrest and pre-trial detention of the applicants in the aftermath of the coup attempt of 15 July 2016, on suspicion of their membership of an organisation described by the Turkish authorities as the “Fetullahist Terrorist Organisation / Parallel State Structure” (Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü / Paralel Devlet Yapılanması, hereinafter referred to as “FETÖ/PDY”), which was considered by the authorities to be behind the coup attempt (further information regarding the events that unfolded after the coup attempt, including the details of the state of emergency declared by the respondent Government and the ensuing notice of derogation given to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, as well as the legislative developments that followed the declaration of the state of emergency, may be found in the case of Baş v. Turkey, no. 66448/17, §§ 7‑14 and §§ 109-110, 3 March 2020). All of the applicants, except for the applicants in applications nos. 35826/19, 36471/19, 42478/19 and 55595/19, were serving as ordinary judges or prosecutors at different types and/or levels of court at the material time. The applicant in application no. 42478/19 was a police officer, and the remaining three applicants in question were former members of the judiciary.
2. On 16 July 2016 the Ankara chief public prosecutor’s office initiated a criminal investigation into, inter alios, the suspected members of FETÖ/PDY within the judiciary. Subsequently, on various dates, the High Council of Judges and Prosecutors (Hakimler ve Savcılar Yüksek Kurulu – “the HSYK”) decided to suspend thousands of judges and prosecutors – including some of the applicants – from their duties, on the grounds that there was strong suspicion that they were members of the terrorist organisation that had instigated the attempted coup (further details regarding the relevant HSYK decision may be found in Baş, ibid., §§ 15-21, and Turan and Others v. Turkey, nos. 75805/16 and 426 others, §§ 13-15, 23 November 2021).
3. On various dates, the applicants were arrested and placed in pre-trial detention, mainly on suspicion of membership of the FETÖ/PDY, an offence punishable under Article 314 of the Criminal Code (see Baş, cited above, § 58). The detention orders relied principally on the fact that the applicants had been suspended from their duties as judges or prosecutors on grounds of their membership of the organisation that had instigated the attempted coup. In respect of some applicants, the use of the ByLock messaging system was relied on as evidence. The challenges brought by the applicants against their detentions, including by reason of the alleged lack of reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence, were dismissed, including by the Constitutional Court (see, mutatis mutandis, Turan and Others, cited above, §§ 22-27).
4. According to the latest information provided by the parties, most of the applicants were convicted of membership of a terrorist organisation by the first instance courts, and a few were acquitted. It appears that, for the most part, the appeal proceedings are still pending.
THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT
JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION6. The applicants complained that there had been no specific evidence giving rise to a reasonable suspicion, within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention, that they had committed a criminal offence necessitating pre-trial detention.
7. The Government urged the Court to declare this complaint inadmissible in respect of the applicants who had not made use of the compensatory remedy under Article 141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as the applicants who had received some compensation and whose compensation claims were still pending. They further asked the Court to declare the applications inadmissible for abuse of the right of application to the extent that the applicants had not informed the Court of the developments in their cases following the lodging of their applications.
8. The Court notes that similar objections have already been dismissed in other cases against Turkey (see, for instance, Baş, cited above, §§ 118-121, and Turan and Others, cited above, §§ 57-64), and sees no reason to depart from those findings in the present case. The Court therefore considers that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
9. The Court notes that the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention was based solely on the decisions taken by the HSYK for their suspension from office, and/or on information indicating their use of the ByLock messaging system. The Court has already found that neither of these grounds relied on by the domestic courts in ordering the applicants’ pre-trial detention was of a nature to constitute “reasonable suspicion” within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (c) in respect of the offence attributed to them (see, Baş, cited above, §§ 170‑195, and Akgün v. Turkey, no. 19699/18, §§ 151-185, 20 July 2021, respectively).
10. In the absence of any other information or evidence available at the time of the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention that would satisfy an objective observer that they may have committed the offence attributed to them, the Court sees no reason to depart from its findings in the aforementioned cases and finds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1. The Court moreover considers that while the applicants were detained a short time after the coup attempt – that is, the event that prompted the declaration of the state of emergency and the notice of derogation by Turkey –, which is undoubtedly a contextual factor that should be fully taken into account in interpreting and applying Article 5 of the Convention in the present case, the measure at issue cannot be said to have been strictly required by the exigencies of the situation (see, Baş, cited above, §§ 115-116 and §§ 196-201).
OTHER COMPLAINTS11. As regards any remaining complaints under Article 5 §§ 1, 3, 4 and 5, the Court decides not to examine them, in view of its findings under Article 5 § 1 above and its considerations in the case of Turan and Others (cited above, § 98).
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
12. The applicants requested compensation in varying amounts in respect of non-pecuniary damage. Most of the applicants also claimed pecuniary damage, corresponding mainly to their loss of earnings resulting from their dismissal, as well as the legal costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts and the Court.
13. The Government contested the applicants’ claims as being unsubstantiated and excessive.
14. For the reasons put forth in Turan and Others (cited above, §§ 102‑107), the Court rejects any claims for pecuniary damage and awards each of the applicants a lump sum of 5,000 euros (EUR), covering non‑pecuniary damage and costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
Decides to join the applications;Declares the complaint under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, concerning the alleged lack of reasonable suspicion, at the time of the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention, that they had committed an offence, admissible;Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention on account of the lack of reasonable suspicion, at the time of the applicants’ initial pre-trial detention, that they had committed an offence;Holds that there is no need to examine the admissibility and merits of the applicants’ remaining complaints under Article 5 of the Convention;Holds(a) that the respondent State is to pay each of the applicants, within three months, EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable on these amounts, which are to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Dismisses the remainder of the applicants’ claim for just satisfaction.Done in English, and notified in writing on 6 September 2022, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Hasan Bakırcı Branko Lubarda
Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of cases:
No.
Application no.
Case name
Lodged on
Applicant
Date of Birth
Represented by
Applicant’s status at the time of pre-trial detention
Evidence relied on at the time of initial pre-trial detention
1.
73062/16
Ulusoy v. Türkiye
16/11/2016
Murat ULUSOY
03/06/1978
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
2.
12183/17
M.D. v. Türkiye
11/01/2017
M.D.
21/07/1982
Cihat ÇITIR
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
3.
28577/17
Altıntop v. Türkiye
16/01/2017
Talha ALTINTOP
03/01/1980
Tarık Said GÜLDİBİ
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
4.
43702/17
Can v. Türkiye
26/04/2017
Muhammed Sait CAN
05/05/1987
İrem TATLIDEDE
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
5.
43746/17
Büyükşahin v. Türkiye
10/04/2017
Ziya BÜYÜKŞAHİN
15/02/1983
Hilal YILMAZ PUSAT
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
ByLock messaging system
6.
43953/17
Tekkoyun v. Türkiye
28/04/2017
Ramazan TEKKOYUN
11/04/1989
İbrahim KOCAOĞUL
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
ByLock messaging system
7.
63736/17
Sarpkaya v. Türkiye
13/06/2017
Fatih SARPKAYA
10/05/1986
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
8.
77593/17
Aslan v. Türkiye
16/02/2018
Yüceler ASLAN
22/04/1975
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
ByLock messaging system
9.
84065/17
Çakmak v. Türkiye
13/11/2017
İrfan ÇAKMAK
19/01/1981
Hüseyin AYGÜN
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
10.
12531/18
Akarsu v. Türkiye
08/03/2018
Zafer AKARSU
20/05/1979
Tarık Said GÜLDİBİ
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
11.
16949/18
Bekci v. Türkiye
26/03/2018
Osman BEKCİ
05/07/1986
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
12.
17137/18
Özdemir v. Türkiye
19/03/2018
Mahmut ÖZDEMİR
10/05/1983
Hüseyin AYGÜN
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
13.
24982/19
Pekgüzel v. Türkiye
25/04/2019
Mehmet Ali PEKGÜZEL
05/04/1966
Kübra GÜLAÇTI
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
14.
35826/19
Kösem v. Türkiye
31/05/2019
Ramazan KÖSEM
18/04/1989
Tarık Said GÜLDİBİ
Former judge
ByLock messaging system
15.
36471/19
Doğan v. Türkiye
27/06/2019
Abdulbaki DOĞAN
05/12/1980
Former public prosecutor
ByLock messaging system
16.
38911/19
Tekin v. Türkiye
10/07/2019
Harun TEKİN
01/01/1977
İrem TATLIDEDE
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
17.
40630/19
Şimşek v. Türkiye
22/07/2019
Ünzüle ŞİMŞEK
25/10/1970
Zeki ŞİMŞEK
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
18.
42478/19
Tavan v. Türkiye
31/07/2019
Ayhan TAVAN
15/03/1974
Mehmet ÖNCÜ
Police officer
ByLock messaging system
19.
55595/19
Yiğitbilek v. Türkiye
27/09/2019
Uğur YİĞİTBİLEK
23/03/1970
Betül Saadet YİĞİTBİLEK YILDIZ
Former public prosecutor
ByLock messaging system
20.
57068/19
Gültekin v. Türkiye
10/10/2019
Abdulkadir GÜLTEKİN
20/03/1971
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision
21.
58672/19
Özer v. Türkiye
30/10/2019
Sefer ÖZER
25/08/1981
Ceren ATALAY
Ordinary judge or public prosecutor
HSYK decision