FIFTH SECTION
CASE OF IVANOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 54470/21 and 14 others –
see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
22 February 2024
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Ivanov and Others v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
María Elósegui, President,
Mattias Guyomar,
Kateřina Šimáčková, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 1 February 2024,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.
2. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.
THE FACTS
3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.
4. The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.
THE LAW
JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.
JURISDICTION6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023).
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION7. The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 11 of the Convention.
8. The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v. Lithuania [GC], no. 37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v. Turkey, no. 74552/01, ECHR 2006‑XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v. Moldova, no. 33482/06, 31 March 2009).
9. In the leading cases of Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014, and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013, the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.
10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants’ freedom of assembly were not “necessary in a democratic society”.
11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention.
OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW12. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention and its Protocols, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible.
13. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention and its Protocols in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia, no. 5865/07, §§ 63-65, 13 February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia, nos. 54381/08 and 5 others, §§ 115-31, 10 April 2018, and Korneyeva v. Russia, no. 72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8 October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; Karelin v. Russia, no. 926/08, §§ 58-85, 20 September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (the CAO); and Martynyuk v. Russia, no. 13764/15, §§ 38-42, 8 October 2019, relating to the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal against the sentence of administrative detention.
REMAINING COMPLAINTS14. Some applicants raised further additional complaints under Article 6 of the Convention concerning other aspects of fairness of the administrative‑offence proceedings. In view of the findings in the above paragraphs, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos. 25809/17 and 14 others, § 22, 4 October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
Decides to join the applications;Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to the facts that took place before 16 September 2022;Declares the complaints under Article 11 of the Convention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and finds that there is no need to examine separately the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention;Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention;Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention and the Protocols thereto as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);Holds(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 22 February 2024, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Viktoriya Maradudina María Elósegui
Acting Deputy Registrar President
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Name of the public event
Location
Date
Administrative / criminal offence
Penalty
Final domestic decision
Court Name
Date
Other complaints under well-established case-law
Amount awarded for pecuniary and non‑pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant
(in euros)[1]
54470/21
14/10/2021
Artem Nikolayevich IVANOV
1990
Ivanova Tatyana Andreyevna
Irkutsk
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Irkutsk
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Irkutsk Regional Court
25/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 2 p.m. until 8 p.m. on 31/01/2021;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
56564/21
29/10/2021
Polina Andreyevna GREBENNIKOVA
2002
Polyakov Daniil Alekseyevich
Voronezh
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Voronezh
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 2 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Voronezh Regional Court
30/04/2021
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report
4,000
59469/21
21/11/2021
Ivan Andreyevich MARTYANOV
2001
Kachanov Roman Yevgenyevich
Yekaterinburg
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Yekaterinburg
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
20 hours of community service
Sverdlovsk Regional Court
25/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
59525/21
18/11/2021
Mark Yevgenyevich NEPSHA
1994
Antokhin Yevgeniy Vyacheslavovich
Moscow
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
25/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
59535/21
18/11/2021
Yuriy Yuryevich NEZAMEDINOV
1989
Antokhin Yevgeniy Vyacheslavovich
Moscow
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 6.1 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
Moscow City Court
25/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
59538/21
18/11/2021
Viktor Ivanovich KOGAN
1956
Antokhin Yevgeniy Vyacheslavovich
Moscow
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
02/02/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Moscow City Court
21/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 12.30 p.m. until 9 p.m. on 02/02/2021;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
977/22
03/12/2021
Sergey Aleksandrovich SIMIN
1984
Vlasov Aleksey Valeryevich
Tula
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Tula
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
Tula Regional Court
17/05/2021 (the applicant received the full text of the final decision only on 03/06/2021)
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings;
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 31/01/2021 for compiling an offence report
4,000
3020/22
22/12/2021
Yekaterina Aleksandrovna CHERNENKO
1993
Valenkov Andrey Olegovich
Nizhniy Novgorod
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Nizhniy Novgorod
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Court
24/06/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 1.05 p.m. until 6.55 p.m. on 31/01/2021;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
8022/22
22/01/2022
Mikhail Alekseyevich PERSHIN
2001
Prosvirkina Kseniya Dmitriyevna
Moscow
Manifestation in support of Navalnyy
Krasnoyarsk
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Krasnoyarsk Regional Court
22/07/2021
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
3,500
12279/22
24/02/2022
Sobirdzhon Berdiyevich VOKHIDOV
1987
Prosvirkina Kseniya Dmitriyevna
Moscow
Rally to support of Izat Amon
Moscow
02/04/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Moscow City Court
27/08/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 02/04/2021 for compiling an offence report;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
13705/22
28/02/2022
Denis Valeryevich MATVEYEV
1992
Markin Konstantin Aleksandrovich
Velikiy Novgorod
Rally "Free Navalnyy"
Moscow
23/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of 15,000 RUB
Moscow City Court
29/09/2021
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
3,500
34656/22
24/06/2022
Polina Dmitriyevna SHUBENTSEVA
2000
Ruchko Irina Yuryevna
Yekaterinburg
Anti-war protest (against the war in Ukraine)
Yekaterinburg
24/02/2022
article 20.2 § 2 of CAO
detention for 10 days
Sverdlovsk Regional Court
02/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 11 a.m. until 9 p.m. on 24/02/2022 ;
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
5,000
36475/22
12/07/2022
Igor Igorevich GURCHENOK
2001
Tyurina Kristina Olegovna
Nizhniy Novgorod
Manifestation against the war in Ukraine
Nizhniy Novgorod
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 8 of CAO
detention for 14 days
Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Court
17/03/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
5,000
36545/22
10/02/2022
Sergey Leonidovich SERGEYEV
1967
Vlasov Aleksey Valeryevich
Tula
Rally against COVID vaccination
Tula
18/11/2021
article 20.2 § 2 of CAO
fine of RUB 21,000
Tula Regional Court
23/12/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station on 18/11/2021 for compiling an offence report
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
4,000
51268/22
19/10/2022
Valentin Igorevich GUDKOV
2001
Tiunov Sergey Yuryevich
Yekaterinburg
Anti-war protest (against the war in Ukraine)
Yekaterinburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
20 hours of community work
Sverdlovsk Regional Court
07/09/2022
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings
3,500
[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.