DRAFT COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT

No C 322/14 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
Draft council resolution on long-term unemployment
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the Euro-
pean Economic Community,
Having regard to the draft resolution submitted by
the Commission,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Par-
liament,
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and
Social Committee,
reduction in the living standards of the long-term
unemployed;
Whereas the long-term unemployed risk being
among the last to benefit from any upturn in em-
ployment and policy action within an overall stra-
tegy to combat long-term unemployment therefore
needs to be strengthened and developed,
HAS ADOPTED THIS RESOLUTION:
Whereas, at the joint meeting on 16 November 1982
of the Ministers for Economic and Financial Ques-
tions and the Ministers for Employment and Social
Affairs, the Council invited the Commission to un-
dertake a study of long-term unemployment and
possible proposals for remedial action;
Whereas the Council, at its meeting of 28 June 1982
of Ministers of Labour and Social Affairs, reiterated
its profound concern at the continued high level of
unemployment, recognized the need for additional
action and the need for such measures to be compa-
tible with special measures, particularly those to
help the long-term unemployed;
Whereas the problem of long-term unemployment
has reached extremely serious proportions and the
continuation of high levels of total unemployment is
leading to a further deterioration;
Whereas more effective labour market and social
policy measures are essential ingredients of a policy
response, and need to be linked to wider policies to
promote economic growth and employment crea-
tion, which are major elements of a strategy to main-
tain and strengthen the Community economy;
Whereas the persistence of long-term unemployment
on the present scale is an obstacle to the realization
of the Community's objective of improving the qual-
ity of its labour force;
Whereas worsening long-term unemployment is
symptomatic of, among other things, a lack of flexi-
bility in the Community labour market which there
is an urgent need to remedy if employment growth is
to be restored;
Whereas the burden of social transfers on public
budgets should not be allowed to lead to a further
I. GENERAL GUIDELINES
The Council considers that an effective Community
policy to combat long-term unemployment requires
both individual and cooperative actions by govern-
ments and by the social partners, at local, regional
and national level, encouraged and supported at
Community level.
The specific measures to be adopted should seek to
overcome weaknesses in existing employment and
social policies by:
— making greater efforts to create new job opportu-
nities and to improve the flexibility and adapta-
bility of labour markets;
— improving the availability of adequate informa-
tion about long-term unemployment;
— organizing the public employment and social se-
curity services so as to facilitate the 'triggering'
of specific policy responses which would prevent
the unemployed sinking into long-term unem-
ployment;
— providing adequate levels of social support for
those who nevertheless remain unemployed for
long periods.
II. NATIONAL MEASURES
1. Within the context of their own policies and
practices, Member States are requested to make
every effort to put into effect the following measures
to aid the Community to target and 'trigger' policy
responses:
— undertake a coordinated series of analyses de-
signed to provide comprehensive data on the
characteristics of long-term unemployment,
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/15
identifying, in particular, the circumstances of
the long-term unemployed;
— in cooperation with the social partners, ensure
that where workers lose their jobs through redun-
dancies, appropriate preparatory support in the
form of training and counselling is given before
they enter the labour market or take early retire-
ment.
2. Member States should also take the following
measures to tackle the problem:
— ensure that the employment and other services
concerned are structured, organized and staffed
so that they can provide the necessary personal
contact to keep track of those who remain on the
unemployment register and become long-term
unemployed and that policy interventions are
made at the appropriate moment;
— systematically review the functioning of labour
markets, in particular as regards regulations and
practices which may disadvantage long-term un-
employed and in particular unskilled workers,
young people and those seeking flexible working
hours;
— ensure that programmes of temporary work for
the Community are prepared in collaboration
between Member States, local and regional au-
thorities, the employment services and the social
partners. The scale of such programmes should
be determined by the scale of the long-term un-
employment problem at the local and regional
level. The structure and content of the pro-
grammes should be determined by local needs,
but should, as a rule, incorporate an element of
education or training linked with mainstream
education and training provision;
— where it is not already the case, review the rules
for payment of social security/unemployment
benefit with a view to permitting unemployed
people to undertake certain kinds of non-paid
• work in public or private bodies, without loss of
benefit rights;
— provide funding to enable the establishment, in
- cooperation with the social partners, of local
centres for unemployed people with the empha-
sis on the provision of information, workshop,
leisure and similar facilities, along the lines of
successful examples in the Community. Priority
should be given to the areas of highest unem-
ployment;
— more generally, encourage greater awareness of
the problem and solutions through various
means including the use of the broadcasting
media.
III. ACTION AT COMMUNITY LEVEL
1. Taking into account the role played by Commu-
nity financial instruments and existing Community
action programmes in combating long-term unem-
ployment, the Commission is requested to undertake
the following supplementary action:
— work with the Member States by organizing inter
alia a series of meetings of experts, to achieve a
better understanding of the nature and extent of
long-term unemployment, which will;
(a) improve the collection of adequate statistics
on an agreed Community basis giving infor-
mation on the total numbers of long-term un-
employed by age group, sex, region and
length of unemployment,
(b) enable the Commission to use long-term un-
employment as a criterion for allocating fi-
nancial support, notably from the European
Social Fund and from integrated operations
involving more than one source of Commu-
nity finance. The scope for new forms of spe-
cific Community intervention should also be
considered;
— encourage and support at Community level the
Member States' policy efforts, with particular re-
gard to the organization of the employment and
social security services and the use of employ-
ment and temporary work initiatives;
— cooperate with the social partners and relevant
agencies in the development of their actions to
tackle the problem, with particular emphasis on
actions to assist the recruitment of the long-term
unemployed and to provide centres for the long-
term unemployed in areas of particularly high
unemployment;
— undertake further research with the assistance of
Misep (') into those measures or practices,
whether taken by governments or social partners,
which are successful in combating the problem
of long-term unemployment, with a view to ex-
tending their use in other areas of the Com-
munity.
2. The Commission is moreover encouraged to
initiate a broad policy reappraisal at Community
level in order to develop a more consistent medium-
term employment and social policy to tackle the
problem of long-term unemployment. Particular
issues to be studied in this context will include job
creation and labour market flexibility, social sup-
port schemes, retirement, education and training,
and future patterns of life and work.
(') Mutual Information System on Employment Policies.
No C 322/16 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
3. The Commission is requested to inform the
Council every two years of progress made in the
implementation of these actions.
4. Community financing for the actions set out in
this section will be decided on in the framework of
the budgetary procedures and in accordance with
the legal commitments entered into by the Council.
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/17
ANNEX I
Specific national measures for the long-term unemployed or workers difficult to place
Note: The tables contain information available in the Member States collected by the Commission
departments. It is not exhaustive.
They will be updated as and when the information becomes available.
No account is taken here of general measures from which the long-term unemployed may
benefit but of which they are not the specific targets. For this reason, no information appears
about Greece.
No C 322/18 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
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3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/27
ANNEX II
Annexe statistique / Statistical Annex / Statistischer Beitrag
1. Working population and employment
Population active et emploi
Erwerbsbevolkerung und Beschaftigung
2. Trends in employment
Evolution de l'emploi
Beschaftigungstendenzen
3. Registered unemployed by duration
— Proportion of unemployed registered for more than one year
October
Chomeurs enregistres — structure par duree
— Part des chomeurs inscrits depuis plus d'un an
Octobre
Arbeitslosmeldungen nach Dauer
— Anteil der seit mehr als einem Jahr Arbeitslosen
Oktober
4. Persons registered as unemployed for more than one year according to national method of
measurement
Demandeurs d'emploi enregistres au chomage depuis plus d'un an suivant les methodes de
calcul nationales
Personen, die mehr als ein Jahr als arbeitslos gemeldet sind (nach nationaler MaBmethode)
5. Employment duration — Methods and measurements
— Summary of a study published by Eurostat in 1983
Duree du chomage — Methodes et mesures
— Resume extrait d'une etude publiee par Eurostat en 1983
Beschaftigungsdauer — Methoden / Mafiverfahren
— Zusammenfassung einer Eurostat-Studie (1983)
No C 322/28 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
Working population and employment
Mio
Population active et emploi
EUR 10
119
118
117
116
115
114
Mio
119
Working population / Population active
Total employment / Emploi total
110
109
108 — ?v
107 -
106 -
105
* * * i :*#-^
'«*.^*
;*•**.
w..-#
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Unemployment / Chomage •':
^^w*m:^
Employment / Emploi
— 118
— 117
— 116
— 115
— 114
— 113
— 112
— 111
— 110
— 109
— 108
— 107
— 106
105
Decrease in employment
EUR 10
of which/dont:
Bundesrepublik
Deutschland
France
Italia
Nederland
Belgique
United Kingdom
Danmark
1980—1983
Total
Persons
Personnes
- 3 046 000
- 1 115 000
- 253 000
+ 21 000
- 43 000
- 176 000
- 1 586 000
- 13 000
%
- 2 , 8
- 4 , 2
- 1 , 2
+ 0,1
- 0 , 9
- 4 , 6
- 6 , 3
- 0 , 5
Males / hommes
Persons
Personnes
- 2 970 000
- 838 000
- 412 000
- 106 000
- 177 000
- 170 000
- 1 247 000
- 48 000
- 4 , 2
- 5 , 1
- 3 , 0
- 0 , 7
- 5 , 0
- 6 , 8
- 8 , 2
- 3 , 4
Declin de emploi
Females / Femmes
Persons
Personnes
- 76 000
- 2 7 7 000
+158 000
+127 000
+135 000
- 6 000
- 3 3 9 000
+ 35 000
%
- 0 , 2
- 2 , 8
+ 2,0
+ 1,9
+ 8,9
- 0 , 5
- 3 , 4
+ 3,2
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/29
Trends in employment Evolution de 1'emploi
Bundes-
republik
Deutsch-
land
France Italia Neder-land
Belgi-
que/
Belgie
Luxem-
bourg
United
Kingdom Ireland
Dan-
mark EUR 9 Ellas EUR 10
56,2
54,3
54,1
52,8*
57,2
55,2
55,2
55,4
54,7
53,0
52,8
53,9
55,2
54,8
54,2
53,2*
62,3*
63,1*
62,2*
60,6*
60,7
59,0
59,5
59,0*
55,9
52,3
52,2
52,2*
59,8
58,4
58,8
58,8
58,1*
56,2*
56,3*
56,0*
54,9
56,6*
28,8
30,4
32,5
33,3*
21,9
22,5
26,0
27,3
18,9
20,2
23,6
27,3
24,9
27,5
30,7
32,0*
21,0*
24,6*
26,2*
28,1*
31,3
33,6
36,3
36,5*
19,7
19,6
20,5
21,3*
36,9
40,0
45,3
48,0
27,7*
29,0*
31,4*
32,4*
21,1
23,4*
Activity rates by sex (O/o)
(Total working population as a % of the total pop.)
Males
59,5
57,0
57,4
57,6*
Females
30,3
31,1
32,0
32,9*
Total working population (1 000)
(Employment and unemployment)
Males and females
27 191
27 445
Proportion of females in working population (°/o)
38,4 139,6 134,2 134,0 138,7 132,7"
Total employment (1 000)
Males and females
26 302
25 187
Proportion of females in employment (°/o)
38,0 138,2 131,9 132,9 136,6
Distribution of employment by sector (°/o)
5,4
41,1
53,5
Proportion of employees in employment (°/o)
87,2 183,9 171,4 188,0 183,0
Taux d'activite par sexe (°/o)
(Population active totale en % de la population totale)
Hommes
56,2*
56,0*
Femmes
23 147
23 306
22 804
23 406
5 389
5 814
4 152
4 182
159,9
161,0
26 819
26 704
1239
1283*
2 662
2 728
113 563
115 029*
3 636
3 892*
31,1'
Population active totale (1 000)
(Emploi et chomage)
Hommes et femmes
117 199
118921*
Part des femmes dans la population active (°/o)
39,6 128,8* 145,6 137,9* 130,0* 137,7*
Emploi total (1 000)
Hommes et femmes
110 684*
107 638*
Part des femmes dans 1'emploi (°/o)
33,3* 141,0 129,6* 145,6 137,3* 129,2* 137,0*
Part des secteurs dans Pemploi (°/o)
7,4*
34,6*
58,0*
Part des salaries dans 1'emploi (°/o)
90,2 175,4* 184,8 183,7* 151,7* 182,6*
21695
21 442
21 107
21 128
5 081
5 038
3 841
3 665
158,9
159,5
25 306
23 720
1 163
1 146*
2 489
2 476
107 143
103 962*
3 541*
3 676*
7,9
330
59,1
12,0
35,1
52,9
4,9
27,3
67,7
2,9
30,9
66,2
4,7
35,4
59,9
2,7
33,0
64,3
17,1*
30,7*
52,2*
8,4
25,8
65,7
6,7*
34,8*
58,4*
27,4*
27,7*
44,8*
87,4
No C 322/30 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
Registered unemployed by duration
Proportion of unemployed registered
for more than one year
October %
Chomeurs enregistres — structure par duree
Part des chomeurs inscrits depuis
plus d'un an
Octobre
Bundes-
republik
Deutsch-
land
France Italia Neder-land
Belgique/
Belgie
Luxem-
bourg
United
Kingdom Ireland Danmark EUR 9 Ellas EUR 10
9,6
17,9
18,6
20,3
19,9
17,0
16,2
21,2
28,5
11,0
21,3
21,2
22,5
22,2
18,3
16,0
20,9
29,9
7,9
14,7
16,2
18,5
18,1
16,0
16,3
21,6
27,0
11,9
11,1
15,4
17,1
18,4
21,8
22,3
22,2
25,2
26,6
12,6
9,9
14,4
14,6
15,9
19,4
20,2
19,4
23,1
24,4
11,4
12,3
16,2
19,1
20,6
23,7
24,0
24,7
27,3
28,8
28,4
32,9
35,6
34,4
39,8
43,0
30,3
35,0
36,8
34,5
39,8
40,2
26,0
30,7
34,4
34,2
39,7
45,9
Males and females • Hommes et femmes
22,6
24,2
25,3
25,7
21,1
24,3
33,6
47,6
25,3
27,1
27,5
28,9
21,2
24,3
34,5
49,4
16,0
18,3
21,3
21,2
20,7
24,2
31,7
44,1
52,0
35,9
43,8
54,4
49,0
46,2
48,0
51,9
55,1
58,8
34,4
40,1
41,7
38,1
32,4
36,2
45,1
49,9
45,8
37,2
46,6
62,4
55,3
55,1
56,9
57,7
59,6
16,6
20,0
24,6
26,1
19,4
26,3
35,5
36,9
31,6
30,7
30,2
36,5
7,8
4,1
5,4
5,6
Males D Hommes
19,9
23,7
28,4
30,4
22,2
29,2
39,6
41,5
Females D Femmes
7,7
11,4
15,8
17,1
13,5
19,2
25,7
26,4
34,6
34,2
34,4
40,9
22,1
19,4
17,3
23,4
6,8
3,7
5,4
5,6
9,0
4,4
5,4
5,5
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
37,7
42,1
46,7
50,1
51,9
51,8
51,4
46,9
43,8
52,5
55,9
57,8
61,1
60,2
59,4
59,4
57,9
54,9
53,7
41,1
43,8
47,7
51,6
49,1
52,1
Proportion of females in total
46,3
53,8
60,9 20,4
25,1
30,7
33,8
36,0
33,1
29,9
30,2
70,4
71,5
72,7
67,6
60,6
58,1
• Part des femmes dans le total
12,4
17,2
19,8
21,2
21,8 16,5 51,6
21,6 14,8 50,8
21,5 14,0 48,6
21,5 16,2 51,8
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/31
Persons registered as unemployed for more than one year
according to national method of measurement
Total registered by duration
Registered
> 1 year by age
25-54
100% 100%
October 1983
DEUTSCHLAND
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
=s55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
17,0
5,2
17,5
35,9
1983
28,5
15,5
32,5
41,6
UNITED KINGDOM
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
=s55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
19,4
8,7
22,4
41,3
1983
37,0
26,9
43,4
46,0
FRANCE
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
22,3
12,4
25,4
54,8
1983
26,5
15,6
27,7
68,7
IRELAND
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
31,6
15,8
34,1
49,9
1983
36,4
21,1
41,4
53,1
ITALIA
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
35,6
31,3
40,1
38,5
1983
43,0
42,4
43,7
42,0
EUR*
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
26
17
30
48
1983
37
28
40
50
Estimate calculated as average of non-harmonized national data.
NEDERLAND
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
21,1
11,9
25,6
62,8
1983
47,6
35,6
54,3
67,2
BELGIQUE/BELGIE
37,4
17,7
Age
(%)
Total

25-54
2=55
100
100
100
100
> 1 year/
annee
1980
46,2
25,1
59,4
75,7
1983
55,1
33,4
67,3
82,6
Registered unemployed
October 1983
Deutschland
France
Italy
Nederland
Belgique/Belgie
United Kingdom
Ireland
EUR
October 1980
EUR
Total
(x 1000)
2 133,9
2 165,1
2 763,7
824,6
625,7
3 094,0
196,0
11 803,0
Total
(x 1000)
7 135,8
> 1 y
(x 1000)
608,7
575,1
1 187,3
392,9
344,9
1 142,9
71,5
4 323,3
>1y
(x 1000)
1 846,3
ear
(%)
28,5
26,5
43,0
47,6
55,1
37,0
36,5
37,0
ear
(%)
26,0
No C 322/32 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
EMPLOYMENT DURATION —METHODS AND MEASUREMENT
Summary of a study published by Eurostat in 1983
1. This report looks at the measurement of the duration of unemployment for those registered
at the local employment offices (or their equivalents) in the EC member countries of Bel-
gium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands
and the United Kingdom. It also uses the available statistics to show the range of published
material available and to illustrate recent trends over the five-year period 1977 to 1981.
2. All member countries examined in this study have experienced significant increases in the
number of unemployed over the past five years. A component of this general increase in
numbers has been a growing proportion of the total unemployed remaining without work for
longer periods.
3. In all eight countries the main unemployment duration series is derived from the administra-
tive data collected by the national public employment services starting at a local level. As
such it suffers from the same problems inherent in the general unemployment series, the
main one being in terms of coverage with inclusion or exclusion of certain groups.
4. Because the main source of information for the regular statistics is the record of those regis-
tered, the statistics actually measure the duration of current registration taken at one point in
time, the date of the regular count. As such they will tend to be incomplete spells of unem-
ployment.
5. The collection of statistics on duration has been the subject of discussion by the international
agencies. In particular, the 1954 Eighth International Conference of Labour Statisticians laid
down guidelines on what to collect and with what frequency.
6. In five of the eight countries, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, the
statistics are collected and published by the respective Ministries of Labour or a specific
branch of them. In Denmark, Ireland and the Netherlands the national statistical offices
have overall responsibility.
7. All countries use a regular monthly count date, as used for the main unemployment series,
for the duration calculations. The special counts are carried out monthly in Belgium, Den-
mark and France, quarterly in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and twice-yearly in
Germany, Ireland and Italy.
8. There is a particular problem with the statistics in Denmark due to the adoption of a new
information base in 1978/79. The series was, in effect, restarted in 1979 and the unemploy-
ment duration records were interrupted. This makes data collected either side of the date
incompatible.
9. The recording of unemployment duration and the payment of unemployment benefits are
strongly linked in the sense that usually the conditions for receiving benefit require the per-
son to be available for work. Therefore, such periods of unavailability due to sickness, for
example, should not be counted.
10. The most serious problem affecting comparability is the treatment of breaks in the unem-
ployment period. Most countries do not have a formal system for recording such breaks and
as a result many individual cases are treated subjectively by local employment office staff.
This discrepancy, however, will tend to affect comparisons of national trends less than inter-
country comparisons.
11. All countries have comprehensive benefit schemes for the unemployed, with contributions to
the appropriate fund compulsory in all countries except Denmark for most categories of
worker. However, the proportion of the labour force covered by such a scheme varies due to
the exclusion of certain groups, in the main the self-employed and family workers. However,
despite the voluntary nature of the Danish scheme, the proportion of workers covered (about
65 %) compares favourably with proportions in other member countries.
12. The conditions surrounding the payment of unemployment benefits may have an effect on
the timing of registration and hence the measurement of duration. This is due to the imposi-
tion of waiting periods before any benefit is paid and the length of time for which earnings-
related benefits are paid. All countries except Belgium have a cut-off point after which those
still unemployed switch to a means-tested social assistance scheme. The length of time for
which earnings-related benefits are paid varies from six months in Italy to 30 months in
Denmark and the Netherlands. In Belgium the period is unlimited.
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/33
13. The ability to receive earnings-related benefits for an unlimited period in Belgium may be a
contributory factor to that country's high proportion of registered unemployed in the over 12
months category, consistently over 50% for the period 1977 to 1981 compared to a norm of
around 20 % for the other member countries.
14. All countries publish analyses of the unemployment duration statistics by sex and age group
and all except France by region, though the level of regional disaggregation varies. In addi-
tion Denmark produces a range of statistics which reflect its own unique insurance scheme.
A good deal of the information available in each country is not regularly published (for
example for local area statistics), but is generally available to users on a request basis.
15. Analysis of the administrative statistics over the period 1977 to 1981 shows that there has
been a significant increase in the number of long-term unemployed. The largest increases
have been in France and the United Kingdom and the smallest in Germany and Ireland.
16. Survey data on unemployment periods is available in some member countries but the only
comparable data is that derived from the Community-wide Eurostat Labour Force Survey.
However, the survey effectively measures the length of active job search for those describing
themselves as unemployed and is not, therefore, strictly comparable with the data derived
from administrative sources.
17. It is not valid to compare the data from administrative and labour force survey sources since
they measure different aspects of duration. Comparison of French data from the alternative
sources reveals that the survey results tend to show much higher proportions of the total
unemployed in the longer duration categories.
18. The accuracy and reliability of the administrative data across countries will tend to be
dependent on the basic comparability of the general unemployment series". Furthermore, the
duration data will be strongly associated with the different conditions surrounding the pay-
ment of unemployment benefits which vary considerably from country to country. As such
the data are better used as trend indicators rather than cross-sectional measures in interna-
tional comparisons.
No C 322/34 Official Journal of the European Communities 3. 12. 84
ANNEX III
Bibliographie / Bibliography
I. Mesure de la duree individuelle du chomage / The measurement of the duration of unem-
ployment / Messung der individuellen Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit
— Walsh, Kenneth — 'The measurement of the duration of unemployment in the EEC,
November 1982; a report prepared for the Statistical Office of the European Communi-
ties, Luxembourg, 1983
II. Nature du chomage de longue duree / The cause of long-term unemployment / Die Ursache
der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit
— Beardsworth, Alan; Myrman, Alan; Ford, Janet and Keil, Teresa — 'Employers' strate-
gies in relation to their demand for labour: a sociological contribution', Industrial Rela-
tions Journal, 1982, Summer
— Bunchteman, Christoph F. — „Die Bewaltigung von Arbeitslosigkeit im zeitlichen Ver-
lauf" — Forschungsbericht 85, Sozialforschung 1984 des Bundesministers fur Arbeit und
Sozialordnung
— Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit — „Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit; Mehrfacharbeitslosigkeit" —
Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit Nr. 3/1984 vom Marz 1984, Niirn-
berg
— Colin, Jean-Francois; Welcomme, Dominique — «L'employabilite des demandeurs
d'emploi: une description a partir des statistiques de l'ANPE», Travail et Emploi, juillet-
septembre 1981, n°9, Paris
— Commission des Communautes europeennes — «Le chomage de longue duree dans la
Communaute europeenne», rapport realise par l'Agence nationale pour 1'emploi, France
1980; etude n° 79/68, Bruxelles, 1980
— Direction des etudes et des statistiques de l'ANPE — «Les demandeurs d'emploi de lon-
gue duree: analyse d'une populations juin 1983, Paris
— Feinberg, R. M. — 'Risk aversion, risk and the duration of unemployment', The Review
of Economics and Statistics, Volume LIX No 3, August 1977
— Franz, Wolfgang — „Jugendarbeitslosigkeit: eine kurze Episode oder eine permanente
Gefahr?" — Wirtschaftsdienst 1983 III
— Ginneken (van), W. — «Le chomage: tendances, causes et possibilites d'action», Revue
internationale du travail, Bureau international du travail, Geneve, vol. 120, n° 2, mars/
avril 1981
— Greedy, John and Disney, Richard — 'Changes in Labour market . . . in Great Britain',
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Volume 28 No 1, February 1981
— Irish Manpower Consultative Committee — 'Report on the problems of the long-term
unemployed', November 1982
— Humilton, Leslie and Just, Wolf-Dieter — Poverty and dependence in the European Com-
munity: an ethnical perspective, Rotterdam, 1983
— Konig, Heinz — „Zur Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit" — Kylos Vol. 31, Fasc. 1.36.52
— Levy, Martine — «Le chomage des femmes», rapport elabore a l'intention de la Commis-
sion des Communautes europeennes, avril 1983, Bruxelles
— Lux, Bernard — «Les facteurs determinant la duree individuelle du chomage», Cahiers
economiques de Bruxelles, n° 94, deuxieme trimestre de 1982
— MacGregor, A. — 'Unemployment duration and re-employment probability', The Econo-
mic Journal, 18 December 1978
— Manpower Services Commission — 'Closure at Lintwood: a follow-up survey of redun-
dant workers', April 1984
— Manpower Services Commission — 'A study on the long-term unemployment', February
1980
— Salais, Robert — «Le chomage, un phenomene de file d'attente», Economie et statistique,
INSEE, Paris, n° 123, juillet 1981
— Short, J. F. — 'Long-term unemployment in Ireland', Analysis Section, Department of
Finance, October 1970
— Standing, Guy — «La notion de chomage structured, Revue internationale du travail.
Bureau international du travail, Geneve, vol. 122, n° 2, mai/avril 1983
— Tyrell, Robert and Shanks, Michel — Long-term unemployment, September 1982, Lon-
don
3. 12. 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 322/35
III. Tendance de l'emploi / Employment trend / Beschaftigungstendenz
— Eurostat — «L'emploi et le chomage des jeunes de moins de 25 ans», Bulletin, n° 1, 1983;
Office des statistiques des Communautes europeennes, Luxembourg
— Eurostat — «Les femmes face a l'emploi et au chomage», Emploi et chomage, n° 1, 1984;
Office des statistiques des Communautes europeennes, Luxembourg
— Eurostat — «Evolution de l'emploi en 1983», Bulletin statistique, n° 3, 1984; Office des
statistiques des Communautes europeennes, Luxembourg
IV. L'impact du chomage sur les individus et la societe / The impact of unemployment on indi-
viduals and society / Die Auswirkung der Arbeitslosigkeit auf Einzelpersonen und die
Gesellschaft
— Brenner, M. H. — 'Mortality and economic instability: a model including intervening
risk factors for predictions purposes'. Symposium de TOMS 'Influence of Economic
Instability on Health', Miinchen, 1981
— Brinkman, Christian; Potthoff, Peter — „Gesundheitliche Probleme in der Eingangs-
phase der Arbeitslosigkeit", Mitteilung aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, IAB,
Nurnberg, 16/J/1983—4
— Frankfurter Rundschau — „Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Verhaltenstherapie: Denkschrift
uber Gesundheit und Arbeitslosigkeit", 13. April 1983
— Harrison, R. — 'The demoralizing experience of prolonged unemployment', Department
of Employment Gazette, April 1976
— Heyes, J., et Nutman, P. — «Comprendre les chomeurs», Bruxelles, 1983
— OMS (Organisation mondiale de la sante):
— seminaire sur la politique de la sante dans le contexte du chomage dans la Commu-
naute, Leeds, 1982
— seminaire sur le chomage et la sante: approches nouvelles de la recherche et de fac-
tion sociale, Stockholm, 1983
— Schnaffer, Dominique — «Chomage et politique: une relation mal connue», Revue fran-
caise de science politique, vol. 32, nos 4—5, aout/octobre 1982
V. L'indemnisation du chomage / Unemployment benefits / Arbeitslosenvergiitung
— Centre d'etude des revenus et des couts — «L'indemnisation du chomage en France et a
l'etranger», document du CERC, n° 62, Paris, deuxieme trimestre de 1982
— European Industrial Relations Review — International unemployment benefits in 12 coun-
tries, 1983
— Euvrard, Francoise — «L'indemnisation du chomage: autres systemes, autres niveaux
d'indemnisation», Droit social, n° 5, mai 1983, Paris
VI. Centres d'accueil et d'aide aux chomeurs / Unemployed centres / Arbeitslosenzentren
— Arbeitslosenzentrum Hannover — „Arbeitslos, nicht wehrlos", Hannover, November
1982
— 1. BundeskongreG der Arbeitslosen, Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main, 1983, Arbeits-
loseninitiativen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und West-Berlin
— National Council for Voluntary Organizations — 'Voluntary and Community Organiza-
tions and long-term unemployment: an NVCO consultation paper', London, March
1983
VII. Mesures de politique de l'emploi / Employment measures / Beschaftigungspolitische MaB-
nahmen
— Direction des etudes et des statistiques de l'ANPE — «Le programme gouvernemental
des chomeurs de longue duree», Exchange et travail, juin 1983, Paris
— Freie Universitat Berlin, Forschungsstelle Sozialokonomie der Arbeit — „Effizienz von
Arbeitsmarkt- und Beschaftigungspolitischen Maflnahmen" — Etude realisee pour la
Commission des Communautes europeennes, Bruxelles, 1983
— Manpower Services Commission, Psychological Services — 'The results of schemes to
help the long-term unemployed (10 % initiatives) at 34 local offices during winter 1981/
82', July 1982
— MISEP— «Rapports nationaux d'information de base», Commission des Communautes
europeennes et Work & Society, Maastricht, mars 1984.


Full & Egal Universal Law Academy