FIRST SECTION
DECISION
AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF
Application no. 47240/99
by Hendrik EBBINGE
against the Netherlands
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 14 March 2000 as a Chamber composed of
MrsE. Palm, President,
MrJ. Casadevall,
MrGaukur Jörundsson,
MrR. Türmen,
MrC. Bîrsan,
MrsW. Thomassen,
MrR. Maruste, judges,
andMrM. O’Boyle, Section Registrar,
Having regard to the above application introduced on 4 March 1999 and registered on 6 April 1999,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
THE FACTS
The applicants are Dutch national, born in 1951 and at the time of the introduction of the application detained in Leeuwarden. He is represented before the Court by Mr L. de Leon, a lawyer practising in Utrecht.
A.Particular circumstances of the case
The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be summarised as follows.
On 3 and 4 August 1995, two bags containing parts of a human body were found in a river near Bremen (Germany). Around 22 August 1995, it was found very likely that these remains, in any events the hands found, were those of Mr Harrie Roo. According to the findings of an examination of the remains, the victim had died one to two weeks prior to the finding of the remains.
On 23 August 1995, Ms P. filed a criminal complaint with the police against the applicant for extortion and unlawful deprivation of liberty of her friend Mr Harrie Roo. She claimed that she had given a considerable amount of money to the applicant in exchange for the release of Mr Roo.
On 24 August 1995, a preliminary judicial investigation (gerechtelijk vooronderzoek) against the applicant was opened. On 2 September 1995, the applicant was arrested in his father’s home in Amsterdam, where further a suitcase containing an amount of NLG. 71,500 were found. The applicant was taken into custody and interrogated a number of times, during which he remained silent. Following consultations between the police, the public prosecutor and the investigating judge (rechter-commissaris), it was decided to transfer the applicant to detention facilities in Zaandijk in order to interrogate him there with use of the so-called “Zaanse verhoormethode”; a specific interrogation technique.
During the applicant’s interrogations in Zaandijk on 1, 2 and 3 November 1995, the “Zaanse verhoormethode” was used. On 2 November 1995, at around 16.45 hours, the applicant communicated with his lawyer. On the same day, at around 22.45 hours, the applicant gave a confessing statement. He was subsequently charged and summoned to appear before the Regional Court (Arrondissementsrechtbank) of Groningen.
By judgment of 2 September 1996, following adversarial proceedings, the Regional Court acquitted the applicant of the charges relating to the killing of Mr Roo, convicted him of extortion and sentenced him to five years’ imprisonment. Both the prosecution and the applicant filed an appeal with the Court of Appeal (Gerechtshof) of Leeuwarden.
Hearings before the Court of Appeal were held on 18 and 19 March, 16 April and 12 June 1997.
During its hearing held on 18 March 1997, the Court of Appeal watched videotapes containing a summary of the applicant’s interrogations by the police. This summary, or a total duration of about six hours, concerned nearly exclusively parts of the applicant’s interrogations of 1 and 2 November 1995. The summary had been made in consultation with the parties.
In the course of the hearing held on 19 March 1997, the Court of Appeal took evidence from the witness Mr B., a warder in the detention centre where the applicant had been held and to whom - prior to the applicant’s interrogation in Zaandijk - the applicant had told that he had had a conflict with a man who had owed him money for drug transports, that he had unintentionally shot this man dead and that he had had problems in disposing of the body. Mr B. had not asked the applicant for the name of the victim. Mr B. stated that the applicant had been in Zaandijk for three days and that, after his return from Zaandijk, the applicant had appeared to be different in that he had become more relaxed.
On the same day, the Court of Appeal took evidence from Mr K., also a warder in the detention centre where the applicant had been held and to whom the applicant had said that he was detained for a big case and that he risked a considerable sentence. The applicant had further told him that it had been “him or me”, “it was a stout man, 100 kilograms, 2 metres tall” and “I was covered with blood”. Mr K. did not recall whether the applicant had told him this before or after his stay in Zaandijk.
Further hearings before the Court of Appeal were held on 16 April and 12 June 1997.
By judgment of 26 June 1997, following adversarial proceedings, the Court of Appeal quashed the judgment of 2 September 1996, convicted the applicant of homicide and extortion and sentenced him to ten years’ imprisonment.
As to the applicant’s argument that the prosecution should be declared inadmissible in that he had been subjected to the “Zaanse verhoormethode”, which - in his opinion - was in violation of Article 3 of the Convention, the principle of nemo tenetur (right of an accused not to be compelled to provide incriminating evidence and thus to contribute to his own conviction) and the prohibition of exerting pressure on suspects as referred to in Article 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering), the Court of Appeal considered, with reference to a finding to this effect in the advice of the Criminal Investigation Advice Commission (Recherche Adviescommissie), that the use of the “Zaanse verhoormethode” was not per definition contrary to Article 3 of the Convention or Article 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The Court of Appeal examined the facts found established as to the manner in which the applicant had been interrogated. It noted, inter alia, that he had been interrogated for lengthy periods by sometimes more than two persons, that nobody had shouted at the applicant, that he had been addressed in a soft voice and that only at some moments voices had been raised. It further found that photographs had been placed in the applicant’s field of vision, showing places, persons and objects linked in some way to the facts of which the applicant was suspected (a farmhouse, the victim, Ms P., their daughters, parts (legs) of the victim’s remains, a wrapped trunk (of what later appeared to be a previously killed prostitute), the applicant’s spouse and his daughter, inside and outside views of the applicant’s home (including bedrooms) and that telephone threats received by the applicant’s wife had been discussed whereas he was repeatedly told that the police would only be able to protect his family if he would give a statement so that the police would know against whom they needed to be protected. As to the applicant’s physical condition during the interrogations of 1 and 2 November 1995, the Court of Appeal noted that the applicant had apparently eaten nothing or little before and during his stay in Zaandijk, but that he had regularly been offered
a meal and has been allowed to drink coffee and smoke cigarettes. He had further requested and obtained aspirins. At no point in time had the applicant indicated to be physically incapable to proceed with the interrogations. It therefore concluded that it was not established that the applicant was physically incapable to be subjected to interrogation.
As to the admissibility of the prosecution, the Court of Appeal considered that it did concern a both physically and mentally very burdensome and intrusive interrogation, but that it could not be regarded as treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention in consequently rejected the argument that, on this basis, the prosecution should be declared inadmissible.
The Court of Appeal further found no violation of the principle of nemo tenetur, as it had not been established that, as a result of the police actions during the interrogations in Zaandijk, such a serious violation of the principles of a fair trial had occurred that the prosecution should be declared inadmissible.
The defence had also argued that, at least on one occasion, the applicant’s interrogators in Zaandijk had not allowed him to speak to his lawyer as they wished to finish the interrogation. The observation made on this point by the public prosecutor that the applicant had agreed with this course of action, was refuted by the defence stating that, on that moment, the interrogators were in the process of easing him away from his lawyer by stating that the applicant should not care so much about what others were saying. The Court of Appeal rejected the complaint of the alleged refusal to grant the applicant access to his lawyer as not having been established. It also found that it had not been established that the investigating authorities, by deciding to use the “Zaanse verhoormethode” and the manner in which it had been conducted, had acted intentionally or with gross negligence contrary to the applicant’s interests in his right to a fair hearing.
As to the argument under Article 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Court of Appeal considered that, as a result of the at least particularly strong and misleading suggestion that the applicant’s spouse had received threats by telephone in combination with the interrogators’ intrusive and lengthy harping - using photographs - on the situation in which the applicant’ spouse and in particular his daughter could end up, the acceptable border of the, in itself not unacceptable presentation to an accused of possible consequence of his silence, had been surpassed. It was of the opinion that, therefore and in conjunction with the character and duration of the interrogations of 1 and 2 November 1995, the pressure exerted on the applicant had been increased to such a level that “pressure prohibition” had been violated.
The Court of Appeal did not use the results of the applicant’s interrogations of 1 and 2 November 1995 in evidence. It based the applicant’s conviction on other evidence, i.e. inter alia police reports on the finding and examination of the victim’s remains and the subsequent criminal investigation, statements made by the witnesses B. and K. to the police and the Court of Appeal, statements taken by the police from other witnesses who had had contacts with the applicant either during the period in the course of which the victim was likely to have been killed or at a later point in time, a statement taken by the police from the applicant on 14 September 1995, and statements taken by the police from Ms P., and statements of three other persons to the police in relation to the concealment of amounts of NLG. 125,000 and DEM. 7,430 respectively. The applicant filed an appeal in cassation with the Supreme Court (Hoge Raad).
In its judgment of 20 October 1998 the Supreme Court, after having corrected an apparent textual error in the judgment of the Court of Appeal pointed out by the applicant, rejected the applicant’s complaints in cassation.
This judgment, insofar as relevant, reads:
“4.1.The first ground of cassation contains the complaint is that the Court of Appeal has unjustly or on insufficient grounds rejected the argument 4.2.1.According to the minutes of the hearing on appeal of 12 June 1997, counsel has submitted different grounds which should lead to the inadmissibility of the prosecution, which grounds concern the manner in which the suspect has been interrogated in Zaandijk by the police ... 4.2.2.According to the minutes of the hearing on appeal of 18 March 1997, videotapes made of the police interrogations have for a part been shown and watched there and then. The Court ... 4.3.According to the minutes of the trial on appeal, the Court ... 4.5.The considerations of the Court 4.6.The Court To this it has held in the first place ... that although, noting the circumstances in which the interrogations of 1 and 2 November 1995 have taken place, it did concern a physically and also mentally very burdensome and intrusive interrogation, it has not by this violated Article 3 of the Convention. In difference to the first cassation ground’s aim, this finding does not disclose an incorrect conception of the law and is not incomprehensible. The findings of the Court 4.7.Understood as such, the findings of the Court Article 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, insofar as relevant, reads: "1.In all cases where a person is heard as a suspect, the questioning judge or civil servant shall refrain from everything which could have the effect of obtaining a statement of which it could be said it was not freely made. The suspect is not obliged to answer. 2.Before the hearing the suspect is informed that he is not obliged to answer. ...” On 15 May 1996, following the national broadcast of a television programme in which the “Zaanse verhoormethode” was discussed, a Member of Parliament put questions about this interrogation technique to the Minister of Justice, who decided to seek the views of the Criminal Investigation Advice Commission (Recherche Adviescommissie; hereinafter “RAC”) as to the lawfulness and functionality of this method. On 21 August 1996, the Minister of Justice informed Parliament that, once she would have taken notice of the final outcome of two trials in which the lawfulness of this method had been raised as well as the RAC advice, she would take a final decision as to the acceptability of this interrogation technique. In the meantime, she had instructed the public prosecution department to suspend the use of this technique. In November 1996, in conformity with the advice contained in the RAC report of 1 November 1996, the Minister of Justice decided to prohibit the use of the “Zaanse verhoormethode”. The RAC report describes the “Zaanse verhoormethode” as an interrogation technique based on the so-called CASE 36 (Communication Analysing System Europe 36) communication method. The method was developed by a communication expert and was further elaborated for police practices. CASE 36 is described in the report as a communication method focussing in particular on the way in which a person internally perceives the outside world. The application of the CASE 36 technique allows to obtain a very accurate picture of the behaviour of a person and the internal processes on which this behaviour is based, thus enabling to communicate effectively (a correct statement by the suspect) and efficiently (within a short time). The CASE 36 technique is based on Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP); originally a form of psychotherapy. NLP has been defined as “the study of the structure of subjective experience”. NLP provides a model of human behaviour and communication which answers questions like “How does a person behave in relation to his environment, how does he take in information and how does he process this information?” An interrogation according to the CASE 36 communication method is aimed at the creation of a tie between the suspect and interrogators through which an optimal communication must become possible and thus to attain the truth via communication. In having the suspect draw (visual) chronological lines during the interrogation, it is attempted to verify when what has taken place. This takes place, inter alia, by making a suspect relive an experience in his mind. If a suspect has an auditive preference, there is a bigger chance of communication and a reliving when he is made to listen to recordings, like telephone conversations. Has the suspect a sensory preference, the chance of communication is bigger when having him touch an object found at the crime scene, whereas in case of a visual preference, he can be shown photographs of the crime scene. In case a suspect has a “focal point” on a particular spot on a wall, it is possible to place photographs there. He will unconsciously look at them after which, as the intention is, he will remember facts insofar as he has been responsible for them. The showing of photographs includes both photographs connected to the offence and photographs linked to the suspect’s person, like photographs of his spouse or children. These two kinds of photographs are either shown separately or combined with each other. The interrogation team leader and the external communication expert watch and listen to the interrogation in another room. There are four hidden cameras covering the entire interrogation room and one hidden camera aimed at the suspect’s face. The suspect is informed that the interrogations are recorded but does not know where the cameras are. The interrogators receive instructions via earphones from the team leader or the external communication expert during the interrogation. The interrogation is constantly adapted to the suspect’s behaviour. The suspect’s non-verbal communication is followed and whether his behaviour is congruent, i.e. whether his body language is in conformity with her verbal expressions. Other features of this interrogation technique are the copying of a suspect’s physical behaviour which is intended to reassure the suspect and the so-called “pushing in”, i.e. to push one by one and on deliberate moment the chairs of each interrogator close to the suspect until in the end all interrogator sit intimately around the suspect. The interrogations are conducted within a couple of days, lasting on average ten hours per day depending on how the interrogation proceeds. COMPLAINTS 1.The applicants complain under Article 6 §§ 2 and 3(c) of the Convention that he did not have a fair trial in the criminal proceedings against him in that the principles of “nemo tenetur” and the presumption of innocence were disrespected in that - by the use of the “Zaanse verhoormethode” - he was forced to incriminate himself and in that he was unjustly denied access to his lawyer. THE LAW 1.The applicants complain under Article 6 §§ 2 and 3(c) of the Convention that he did not have a fair trial in the criminal proceedings against him in that the principles of “nemo tenetur” and the presumption of innocence were disrespected in that - by the use of the “Zaanse verhoormethode” - he was forced to incriminate himself and in that that he was unjustly denied access to his lawyer. Article 6 of the Convention, insofar as relevant, provides: “1. In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by a ... tribunal .... 2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. 3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: ... (c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing ...” The Court recalls that, although not specifically mentioned in Article 6 of the Convention, the right to silence and the right not to incriminate oneself are generally recognised international standards which lie at the heart of the notion of a fair procedure under Article 6 of the Convention. Their rationale lies, inter alia, in the protection of the accused against improper compulsion by the authorities thereby contributing to the avoidance of miscarriages of justice and to the fulfilment of the aims of Article 6. The right not to incriminate oneself, in particular, presupposes that the prosecution in a criminal case seek to prove their case against the accused without resort to evidence obtained through methods of coercion or oppression in defiance of the will of the accused. In this sense the right is closely linked to the presumption of innocence contained in Article 6 para. 2 of the Convention (cf. Saunders v. United Kingdom judgment of 17 December 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI, p. 2064, § 68). As the guarantees in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 6 of the Convention are specific aspects of the right to a fair trial set forth in paragraph 1 of this provision, the Court will examine the complaints under the three provisions taken together (cf. Asch v. Austria judgment of 29 April 1991, Series A no. 203, p. 10, § 25). The Court notes that the domestic courts rejected the applicant’s argument that, on the basis of the unlawfulness of the use of the “Zaanse verhoormethode”, the prosecution should be declared inadmissible. It was, however, accepted by the domestic courts that the manner in which this interrogation technique had been used in the applicant’s case was contrary to Article 29 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which prohibits the exertion of unacceptable pressure on suspects of criminal offences during the investigation, and that its use was contrary to the requirements of a fair trial. The Court further notes that the applicant’s conviction was not based on any statements taken from the applicant during his interrogations on 1 and 2 November 1995, but on other evidence. Having regard to the fact that the applicant has been convicted following adversarial proceedings, in the course of which he has been provided with ample opportunity to state his case, to submit whatever he found relevant to the outcome and to challenge the evidence against him, the Court finds no indication that the proceedings at issue fell short of the requirements of Article 6 of the Convention. The Court is further of the opinion that, insofar as the applicant’s complaint of having been denied access to his lawyer has been substantiated, the facts of the case do not disclose that the applicant’s rights in relation to legal assistance in the criminal proceedings against him have been disrespected. It follows that this part of the application must be rejected as manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. 2.The applicant further complains that the manner in which he was interrogated in Zaandijk, in particular the use that was had of the “Zaanse verhoormethode” amounts to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. Article 3 of the Convention reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” The Court recalls that Article 3 of the Convention enshrines one of the fundamental values of democratic society. Even in the most difficult of circumstances, such as the fight against terrorism or crime, the Convention prohibits in absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3. The assessment of this minimum is relative: it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and/or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim. Acts which arouse in the victim feelings of fear, anguish and inferiority capable of humiliating and debasing him and possibly breaking his physical and moral resistance may be sufficiently serious to render such treatment inhuman and degrading within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention (cf. Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports 1998-VIII, p. 3288, §§ 93-94; and Selmouni v. France judgment of 28 July 1999, § 99). The Court notes that, in the present case, the applicant was subjected to the “Zaanse verhoormethode” on 1, 2 and 3 November 1995. After having noted the characteristic features of this interrogation technique and the manner in which it was used in the applicant’s case, the Court considers that it is a sophisticated method from a psychological point of view and therefore objectionable in the context of a criminal investigation in that it is The Court does not find it established that the use of this method has resulted in mental pain and suffering for the applicant to such an extent that it amounts to inhuman treatment within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention. The Court therefore cannot find that this interrogation method, as such, or the manner in which it has been applied in the present case attains the minimum level of severity required under Article 3 of the Convention. It follows that this part of the application must also be rejected as manifestly ill‑founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. For these reasons, the Court, unanimously, DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE. Michael O’BoyleElisabeth Palm
B.Relevant background and domestic law
The actual interrogation is prepared by planning certain steps to be taken during the interrogation. This planning includes, amongst other things, the allocation of individual roles (father figure, specialist, analyst, person of confidence) to each member of the interrogation team. Furthermore, a preliminary meeting with the suspect takes place in order to find out which pattern of thought (in detail or global) he uses and what his “focal points” are, i.e. to what points he looks when he is not specifically asked to look at something. A determination of “focal points” is relevant for the making of “visual chronological lines”.
2.The applicant further complains that he was subjected to the so-called “Zaanse verhoormethode”. He submits that his interrogators have intimidated him and lied to him in such a manner that this can not be considered as a normal police interrogation. He further submits that his was in a physically bad state when he was interrogated. He argues that this amounted to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention.
apparently aimed at attaining, by seeking to create an atmosphere of intimacy between the suspect and the interrogators through mental stimulation, an optimal level of communication as a result of which the interrogated person is incited, on the basis of a perceived relation of trust, to confide in the interrogators in order to seek relief from a mentally burdensome memory.
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