Published on 27 November 2023
SECOND SECTION
Application no. 38691/21
Vladislav Georgiyevich MARGOVICH against Russia
and 22 other applications
(see list appended)
PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
Following a preliminary examination of the admissibility of the applications on 2 November 2023, the Court decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (b) of the Rules of Court, that notice of the applications should be given to the Government of Russia.
In the applications marked by an asterisk, other complaints were raised. This part of the applications has been struck out of the Court’s list of cases or declared inadmissible by the Court, sitting in a single-judge formation, assisted by a rapporteur as provided for in Article 24 § 2 of the Convention.
In the enclosed list of applications, whenever an applicant is referred to using initials, this indicates that the Court has authorised anonymity for that person, whose identity will not be disclosed to the public (Rule 47 § 4).
For further information on the procedure following communication of an application brought against Russia, subject of well-established case law of the Court, please refer to the Court’s website.
SUBJECT MATTER
The applications concern complaints raised under Article 11 of the Convention relating to disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies which are the subject of well-established case law of the Court (see Frumkin v. Russia, no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia, no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014 and Kasparov and Others v. Russia, no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013).
APPENDIX – STATEMENT OF FACTS
List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention
(disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Name of the public event
Location
Date
Administrative offence (code of administrative offences, CAO)
Penalty
Final domestic decision
Court Name
Date
Other complaints under well-established case-law
38691/21*
15/07/2021
Vladislav Georgiyevich MARGOVICH
1997
Memorial Human Rights Centre
Moscow
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
31/01/2021
article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of
4 days
St Petersburg City Court
25/02/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 3.20 p.m. on 31/01/2021 to 5.00 p.m. on 01/02/2021, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 25/02/2021,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
50394/21*
30/09/2021
Irina Aleksandrovna MAMSUROVA
2001
Mariya Sergeyevna Zyryanova
St Petersburg
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
31/01/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
St Petersburg City Court
01/04/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 5.40 p.m. on 31/01/2021 to 01/02/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 01/04/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
50397/21*
30/09/2021
Entoni Aleks MZILANGVE
1995
Mariya Sergeyevna Zyryanova
St Petersburg
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
31/01/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 18,000
St Petersburg City Court
01/04/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 5.00 p.m. on 31/01/2021 to 01/02/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 01/04/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial two police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.
50399/21*
30/09/2021
Roman Vladimirovich PISAREVSKIY
1999
Mariya Sergeyevna Zyryanova
St Petersburg
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
31/01/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
St Petersburg City Court
01/04/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 5.40 p.m. on 31/01/2021 to 01/02/2021, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence cases,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 01/04/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial two police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.
54533/21*
18/10/2021
Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich DENISOV
1989
Memorial Human Rights Centre
Moscow
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
21/04/2021
article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 10 days
St Petersburg City Court
28/04/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 8.30 p.m. on 21/04/20221 to 4.00 p.m. on 22/04/2021, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spent 2h30 in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 21/04/2021,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
55882/21*
05/11/2021
Yekaterina Sergeyevna SHVETSOVA
1992
Ivan Yuryevich Zhdanov
Vilnius
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
Kirov
23/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine RUB 5,000
Kirov Regional Court
18/05/2021
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: Kirov Regional Court, 18/05/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in open court police officer on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
55905/21
29/10/2021
Anton Vladimirovich SAVCHENKO
Memorial Human Rights Centre
Moscow
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
Voronezh
31/01/2021
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
Voronezh Regional Court
25/05/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 2.10 p.m. to 10.40 p.m. on 31/01/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - Voronezh Regional Court, 25/05/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
59080/21*
27/11/2021
Andrey Genrikhovich BESEDIN
2002
Ivan Yuryevich Zhdanov
Vilnius
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
23/01/2021
St Petersburg Government Decree of 13/03/2020 related to anti-COVID-19 measures
fine of RUB 4,000
Oktyabrskiy District Court of St Petersburg
29/06/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 1.20 p.m. on 23/01/2021 to 1.00 a.m. on 24/01/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: Oktyabrskiy District Court of St Petersburg, 29/06/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial two police officers on whose written statements his conviction was based.
24057/22*
09/02/2022
Denis Mikhaylovich OLSHIN
1989
Memorial Human Rights Centre
Moscow
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
21/04/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 15,000
St Petersburg City Court
17/08/2021
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 8.30 p.m. on 21/04/2021 to 6.00 p.m. on 22/04/2021, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spent 2 hours in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 17/08/2021,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
35539/22*
05/07/2022
Anton Andreyevich CHEREPOV
1991
Natalya Andreyevna Baranova
Moscow
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 15 days
St Petersburg City Court
10/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 3.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 3.00 p.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 10/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO
35662/22*
05/07/2022
Olga Aleksandrovna KOSHKAROVA
1988
Olesya Anatolyevna Vasilchenko
Minyar
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 7 days
St Petersburg City Court
11/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 4.55 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.30 p.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spent more than 3 hours in the police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 11/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
35808/22*
05/07/2022
Leonid Yevgenyevich VINOGRADOV
1968
Natalya Andreyevna Baranova
Moscow
Rally in support of A.Navalnyy
St Petersburg
21/04/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
St Petersburg City Court
22/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 10.15 p.m. on 21/04/2021 to 4.00 p.m. on 22/04/2021, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case.
36823/22
11/07/2022
Anna Vyacheslavovna GUK
1997
Leonid Leonidovich Krikun
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2021
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 5 days
St Petersburg City Court
11/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 6.22 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 3.10 p.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 11/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
36827/22
11/07/2022
Mark Vyacheslavovich KHUAKO
1995
Leonid Leonidovich Krikun
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 10 days
St Petersburg City Court
11/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 6.22 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 2.15 p.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 11/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
36837/22
11/07/2022
Matvey Mikhaylovich ANTIPOV
1995
Leonid Leonidovich Krikun
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
administrative detention of 7 days
St Petersburg City Court
11/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 6.25 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 3.00 p.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 11/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based,
Prot. 7 Art. 2 - delayed review of conviction by a higher tribunal - the sentence of administrative detention imposed on the applicant by the trial court was executed immediately, on account of the lack of suspensive effect of an appeal under the CAO.
38569/22*
25/07/2022
Dmitriy Nikolayevich MASHKIN
1988
Olesya Anatolyevna Vasilchenko
Minyar
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
24/02/2022
article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
29/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 7.30 p.m. on 24/02/2022 to 1.10 p.m. on 26/02/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 29/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
39864/22
29/07/2022
Vasilisa Dmitriyevna SATIRSKAYA
1983
Leonid Leonidovich Krikun
St Petersburg
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
24/02/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
St Petersburg City Court
29/03/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 9.00 p.m. on 24/02/2022 to 5.45 p.m. on 26/02/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 29/03/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
39990/22*
04/08/2022
Petr Mikhaylovich POPOV
1995
Olesya Anatolyevna Vasilchenko
Minyar
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
24/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 20,000
St Petersburg City Court
05/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 8.03 p.m. on 24/02/2022 to 9.00 p.m. on 25/02/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 05/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
39993/22*
04/08/2022
Sergey Nikolayevich KABEYEV
1989
Olesya Anatolyevna Vasilchenko
Minyar
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
27/02/2022
article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
07/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 8.00 p.m. on 27/02/2022 to 4.00 p.m. on 28/02/2022; the applicant spent more than 3 hours in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 07/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
40063/22*
03/08/2022
Kira Iosifovna KOVALENKO
1979
Olesya Anatolyevna Vasilchenko
Minyar
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
06/03/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
07/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 2.15 p.m. on 06/03/2022 to 11.00 a.m. on 07/03/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spent 2h30 in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 07/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
41050/22*
29/07/2022
Natalya Igorevna BALAYEVA
1984
Natalya Andreyevna Baranova
Moscow
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
27/02/2022
article 20.2 § 5 of CAO
fine of RUB 12,000
St Petersburg City Court
05/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 8.10 p.m. on 27/02/2022 to 4.25 a.m. on 28/02/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 05/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
41061/22*
14/08/2022
Vladislav Viktorovich ISAKOV
1995
Natalya Andreyevna Baranova
Moscow
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
25/02/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
28/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 9.30 p.m. on 25/02/2022 to 3.00 a.m. on 26/02/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spent more than 3 hours in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 28/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based.
41339/22*
15/08/2022
Dmitriy Sergeyevich SARYCHEV
1989
Natalya Andreyevna Baranova
Moscow
Anti-war protest
St Petersburg
27/02/2022
article 20.2.2 § 1 of CAO
fine of RUB 10,000
St Petersburg City Court
19/04/2022
Art. 5 (1) - unlawful deprivation of liberty: escorting to a police station for the purpose of drawing up a record of administrative offence; detention in excess of 3 hours and without “exceptional circumstances”, from 6.00 p.m. on 27/02/2022 to 1.30 p.m. on 28/02/2022, hearing in the applicant’s administrative-offence case; the applicant spend 5 hours in a police van,
Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings - final decision: St Petersburg City Court, 19/04/2022,
Art. 6 (1) - and Art. 6 (3) (d) - unfair trial in view of restrictions on the right to examine witnesses - inability to cross-examine in the trial the police officers on whose written statements the applicant’s conviction was based
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