THIRD SECTION
DECISION
Application no. 65734/16
Maksim Grigoryevich POLIKARPOV against Russia
and 8 other applications
(see appended table)
20 May 2021 as a Committee composed of:
Darian Pavli, President,
Dmitry Dedov,
Peeter Roosma, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,
Having regard to the above applications lodged on the various dates indicated in the appended table,
Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
The list of applicants is set out in the appended table.
The applicants’ complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention concerning the inadequate conditions of detention and lack of an effective remedy in this regard were communicated to the Russian Government (“the Government”).
THE LAWJoinder of the applications
Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single decision.Complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention
In the present applications, the applicants complained of conditions of their post-conviction detention in violation of the national requirements during periods which had already come to an end (for further details see the appended table). They also argued that they did not have an effective domestic remedy to complain about those conditions at the national level. Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention read as follows:
Article 3
Prohibition of torture
“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”
Article 13
Right to an effective remedy
“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”
The Government submitted their observations, having disputed the violations alleged. On 10 January 2020 the Government submitted additional information about the new Compensation Act and asked to treat it as a new remedy in respect of conditions of detention complaints under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention.
The applicants maintained their complaints.
In its decision of Shmelev and Others v. Russia ((dec.), no. 41743/17 and 16 others, 17 March 2020), the Court has examined similar applications lodged by Russian applicants and declared them inadmissible for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. In particular, the Court took into account that on 27 January 2020 the new Compensation Act entered into force in Russia. It noted that the Act provides that any detainee who alleges that his or her conditions of detention are in breach of national legislation or international agreements of the Russian Federation can apply to a court. The novelty of the Act is that the (former) detainee can claim, at the same time, a finding of a violation of inadequate detention conditions and financial compensation for such breach.
In that decision, the Court further held as follows:
“122. The Court reiterates that, where the detention is over, a compensatory remedy can suffice to provide the applicants with fair redress for the alleged breach of Article 3 (see case-law cited above in paragraph 87). Accordingly, it is sufficient to examine whether the applicants concerned can be required to exhaust the compensatory remedy.
123. As mentioned above, the Court may examine the effectiveness of a newly introduced domestic remedy even if it was not available at the time of lodging of applications, where such remedy is introduced at a later stage in response to the Court’s finding of a systemic problem (see paragraph 106 above and the case-law cited therein).
124. The Court has concluded that the Compensation Act presents, in principle, an adequate and effective avenue for compensatory redress in cases raising issues of improper conditions of pre-trial detention. It has found that it is directly accessible to the persons concerned, is furnished with the requisite procedural guarantees associated with judicial adversarial proceedings, that there are no reasons to expect that such claims would not be processed within a reasonable time, or that the compensation would not be paid promptly. It also concluded that the system offers reasonable prospects of success to the applicants in terms of the compensation awards.
125. The Compensation Act is equipped with transitional provisions, so that any person whose complaint about inadequate conditions of detention was pending with this Court at the time of the Act’s entry into force can apply within 180 days after that date (see paragraph 63 above). The same would apply to those whose complaints would be declared inadmissible by this Court in view of the Act coming into force.
126. The Court accepts that the domestic courts have not yet been able to establish any practice under the Compensation Act. However, the Court has already found that doubts about the prospects of a remedy, which appears to offer a reasonable possibility of redress, are not a sufficient reason to eschew it (see Shtolts and Others, cited above, § 111).
127. Accordingly, even though the domestic remedy was not available to the applicants at the time when they applied to the Court, the situation justifies a departure from the general rule on exhaustion and requires the applicants in question to seek compensation under the Compensation Act.
128. The Court accepts that the outcome of the applicants’ claims under the new provisions cannot at present be ascertained. However, as the Court has already noted on similar occasions, it would remain open for the applicants to lodge fresh complaints should their claims to the domestic courts prove unsuccessful, for one reason or another. The Court’s ultimate supervisory jurisdiction remains in respect of any complaints lodged by the applicants who, in conformity with the principle of subsidiarity, have exhausted available avenues of redress (see Domján, § 37; and Shtolts and Others, §§ 112-113, both decisions cited above). The Court will remain free to assess the compliance of application of the domestic practice with the pilot judgment and the Convention standards in general, summary of the relevant case-law in paragraph 82 above).
129. Finally, the Court does not lose sight of a number of positive developments related to the situation with pre-trial detention in Russia that will be analysed below.”
Having thus considered that there exists an effective remedy in Russia for cases where applicants complain about a breach of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of past pre-trial detention, and having dismissed the applications by such applicants for non-exhaustion, the Court declared that it will apply that approach to all similar applications (see Shmelev and Others, cited above, § 130).
The Court also found that applicants who complained about their detention in overcrowded conditions of post-conviction facilities in violation of the national statutory norm of two square metres per person, and where their detention in such conditions was already over, found themselves in a situation similar to that of persons whose past pre-trial detention had been in breach of the applicable national standards. The Court stressed that for them, as well as for other persons in similar situation, the new Compensatory Act presents, in principle, an adequate and effective avenue of obtaining compensatory redress, and offers reasonable prospects of success (see Shmelev and Others, cited above, § 154). It thus also rejected for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies applications where applicants complained about post-conviction detention in violation of the national statutory standard and decided that actual or potential applicants finding themselves in a similar situation – i.e. where the complaint concerns past correctional detention in conditions in breach of the applicable domestic standards – are also expected to first make use of the compensatory remedy introduced in January 2020 (Shmelev and Others, cited above, §§ 155-156).
Turning to the circumstances of the present cases and having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility of these complaints. It thus considers that in so far as the applicants have lodged prima facie well-founded complaints about breach of their rights by improper conditions of their detention, as described in the appended table, the Compensation Act affords them an opportunity to obtain compensatory redress. Accordingly, the applicants should exhaust this remedy before their complaints can be examined by the Court. It follows that their complaints, as listed in the appended table, under Articles 3 and 13 should be declared inadmissible pursuant to Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention.
For these reasons, the Court, unanimously,
Decides to join the applications;
Declares the applications inadmissible.
Done in English and notified in writing on 10 June 2021.
{signature_p_2}
Viktoriya MaradudinaDarian Pavli
Acting Deputy RegistrarPresident
APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention
(inadequate conditions of detention)
No.
Application no.
Date of introduction
Applicant’s name
Year of birth
Representative’s name and location
Facility
Start and end date
Duration
Inmates per brigade
Sq. m per inmate
Number of toilets per brigade
Specific grievances
65734/16
04/11/2016
Maksim Grigoryevich POLIKARPOV
1982
Vinogradov Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Kostroma
IK-1 Kostroma
28/04/2016 to 27/02/2018
1 year(s) and 10 month(s)
1.5 m²
Overcrowding, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, poor quality of food, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, mouldy or dirty cell
78013/16
20/11/2016
Yevgeniy Valeryevich PETROV
1975
IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
18/07/2014 to 17/10/2020
6 year(s) and 3 month(s)
1.5 m²
Overcrowding, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of fresh air, poor quality of food, bunk beds, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, mouldy or dirty cell, lack of individual sleeping places, lack or inadequate furniture, insufficient number of toilets
12831/17
10/04/2017
Aleksey Viktorovich KOSTEROV
1972
IK-3 Irkutsk Region
08/12/2012 to 09/10/2020
7 year(s) and 10 month(s) and
2 day(s)
1.54 m²
Overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities
19359/18
15/11/2017
Roman Yuryevich SAVIN
1979
IK-11 Nizhniy Novgorod Region
03/08/2015 to 18/11/2020
5 year(s) and 3 month(s)
and 16 day(s)
1.6-1.7 m²
Overcrowding, lack or inadequate furniture, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of toilets and wash basins, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, poor quality of food
24356/18
14/05/2018
Dmitriy Nikolayevich GAVRILOV
1978
Vinogradov Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Kostroma
IK-1 Kostroma Region
18/01/2017 to 17/04/2018
1 year(s) and 3 month(s)
< 2 m²
Infestation of cell with insects/rodents, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, overcrowding, no or restricted access to shower, no or restricted access to toilet
27350/18
24/07/2018
Sergey Nikolayevich OSIPENKO
1981
IK-2 Zabaykalskiy Region
06/05/2016 to 27/04/2020
3 year(s) and 11 month(s) and
22 day(s)
1.1-1.8 m²
Lack of ventilation, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or insufficient electric light, mouldy or dirty cell, inadequate temperature
40902/18
10/02/2019
Maksim Aleksandrovich FALICHEV
1989
IK-2 Zabaykalskiy Region
01/12/2017 to 23/11/2020
2 year(s) and 11 month(s) and
23 day(s)
1.6 m²
Overcrowding
45641/18
11/09/2018
Sergey Vladimirovich DAMDINZHAPOV
1982
IK-2 Zabaykalskiy Region
15/03/2018 to 09/10/2020
2 year(s) and 6 month(s)
and 25 day(s)
1.6 m²
Lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, mouldy or dirty cell, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, infestation of cell with insects/rodents, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to shower, poor quality of food
55013/18
18/12/2001
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich GLADKIKH
1977
IK-2 Zabaykalskiy Region
04/10/2017 to 04/01/2021
3 year(s) and 3 month(s)
and 1 day(s)
1.8 m²
Overcrowding, lack of or restricted access to leisure or educational activities, inadequate temperature, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease
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