WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center
ADMINISTRATIVE PANEL DECISION
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. v S
Case No. D2000-0753
1. The Parties
Complainant: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc of 310 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago IL 60604, USA
Respondent: S of 42 Hakukia Street, Rishon Lezion, NA 75549, Israel
2. The Domain Name and Registrar
Domain Name:
Registrar: T Inc
3. Procedural History
The Complaint was filed on July 12, 2000. WIPO verified that the Complaint satisfies the Rules and the Supplemental Rules and that payment was properly made. The panelist is satisfied this is the case.
The Complaint was properly notified in accordance with Rules, paragraph 2(a) however no formal Response has been received. The Respondent did, however, on August 31, 2000 send an e mail to the Center stating that he has no interest in keeping the name and wished to cancel it or transfer it to the Complainant. The Complainant has chosen to proceed with the Complaint
The administrative panel was properly constituted. The undersigned panelist submitted a Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence.
No further submissions were received by WIPO or the Panel as a consequence of which the date scheduled for the issuance of the Panel's decision was September 14, 2000.
4. Factual Background
The Complainant is the owner of many trademark registrations for BRITTANICA and/or ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITTANICA in the US, Benelux, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the European Community. It is also the owner of many domain names containing these marks.
5. Parties' Contentions
A. Complainant
The Complainant's contentions are as follows:
(a) Since the 18th Century, Complainant has been engaged in the manufacturing, sales and distribution of encyclopedia, dictionaries, atlas and other reference-related goods and services.
(b) Since the late 1870's, Complainant has sold encyclopedia, dictionaries, atlas and other reference-related goods and services throughout the United States under the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA mark.
(c) Since 1934, Complainant has sold junior encyclopedia, atlas, and other reference-related goods and services throughout the United States under the BRITANNICA mark.
(d) On February 1, 1984, Complainant filed an application to register BRITANNICA with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, thereby giving constructive notice of Complainant's use of that mark. On December 18, 1984, Complainant received its first federal registration (Registration No. 1,309,991) for the BRITANNICA mark.
(e) Complainant has also registered or applied to register the following marks with the United States Patent and Trademark Office:
Mark
Application No./Registration No.
BRITANNICA.COM
Ser. No. 75/802,438
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 2,287,468
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1,506,869
BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR
Reg. No. 0,825,337
BRITANNICA INSTANT RESEARCH SYSTEM
Reg. No. 1,914,712
BRITANNICA ELECTRONIC INDEX
Reg. No. 1,916,204
BRITANNICA ONLINE
Reg. No. 1,918,562
BRITANNICA MATHEMATICS SYSTEM DEVELOPING MATHEMATICAL POWER DMP2
Reg. No. 1,936,874
BGGS BRITANNICA GLOBAL GEOGRAPHY SYSTEM GEOGRAPHIC INQUIRY INTO GLOBAL ISSUES
Reg. No. 1,950,971
BRITANNICA SAMPLER
Reg. No. 2,047,536
BRITANNICA MATHEMATICS IN CONTEXT
Reg. No. 2,267,211
BRITANNICA CD
Reg. No. 2,267,981
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 0,529,006
(f) The BRITANNICA Registrations are valid, subsisting, and owned by Complainant. Registration Nos. 1,309,991 and 825,337 are incontestable in accordance with 15 U.S.C. � 1064 and are "conclusive evidence of the validity of the registered mark and of the registration of the mark, of the registrant's ownership of the mark, and of the registrant's exclusive right to use the registered mark in commerce" in accordance with 15 U.S.C. � 1115(b).
(g) Complainant has registered, or applied to register, the BRITANNICA and ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA marks (collectively, the "BRITANNICA Marks") in a large number of countries, including the following:
Country
Mark
Application No./Registration No.
Benelux
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 498270
Benelux
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 306586
Canada
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. TMA502207
Canada
"BRITANNICA"
Reg. No. UCA026037
European Community
BRITANNICA
App. No. 1364777
European Community
BRITANNICA
App. No. 198432
France
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 97 672477
France
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1671220
France
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1105754
France
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1704176
Germany
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 2088612
Italy
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 624514
Italy
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 667914
Switzerland
BRITANNICA
App. No. 2600
United Kingdom
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1211745
United Kingdom
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1211746
United Kingdom
BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1454734
United Kingdom
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1211743
United Kingdom
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 687272
United Kingdom
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
Reg. No. 1454743
(h) Complainant is the registrant and owner of the following domain names, among others:
BRITANNICA.COM
EBIG.COM
BRITANNICA.NET
EBIG.NET
BRITANNICA.ORG
EBBIG.COM
BRITTANICA.COM
EBBIG.NET
BRITTANICA.NET
EBEC.COM
BRITTANICA.ORG
EBLAST.COM
BRITTANNICA.COM
EBLAST.ORG
BRITTANNICA.NET
EBLAST.NET
BRITTANNICA.ORG
E-BLAST.ORG
BRITANICA.COM
E-BLAST.NET
BRITANICA.NET
EBLASTNW.ORG
BRITANICCA.COM
EBLASTNW.NET
BRITANICCA.NET
EBLASTNW.COM
BRITANICCA.ORG
CHILDRENSEB.COM
BRITANNICCA.COM
EBCHILDREN.COM
BRITANNICCA.ORG
EBCHILDREN.NET
BRITANNICCA.NET
CHILDRENSEB.NET
EBRITANNICA.COM
KIDSBRITANNICA.COM
EBRITANNICA.NET
KIDSBRITANNICA.NET
EBRITANNICA.ORG
EBLASTKIDS.NET
BRITANNICAUSA.COM
EBLASTKIDS.COM
BRITANINCAUSA.NET
EBUNIVERSITY.COM
EB.COM
EBUNIVERSITY.NET
EBMIC.COM
EBCOMMUNITY.COM
EBMIC.NET
EBCOMMUNITY.NET
EBMIC.ORG
EBCOLLEGE.COM
EBACADEMIC.COM
KOREABRITANNICA.ORG
EBCOLLEGE.NET
BRITANNICASUCKS.COM
EBACADEMIC.NET
EB-CRICKET.COM
EBGALACTICA.NET
STUDENTEB.COM
EBGALACTICA.COM
EBSTUDENT.COM
ENCYCLOPAEDIAGALACTICA.COM
EBSTU.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIAGALACTICA.NET
EB-GUIDE.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIAGALACTICA.COM
EBTEACHER.COM
ENCYCLOPAEDIAGALACTICA.COM
EBCAREER.COM
BRITANNIKIDS.COM
EBPARENT.COM
BRITANNIKIDS.NET
EBCAREERS.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIABRITANNICA.COM
BRITANNICASPORTS.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIABRITANNICA.NET
BRITANNICA-SPORTS.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIABRITANICA.COM
EB-SPORTS.COM
ENCYCLOPAEDIABRITANNICA.COM
SPORTSEB.COM
ENCYCLOPAEDIABRITANNICA.NET
BRITANNICA-LANKA.COM
ENCYCLOPAEDIABRITANNICA.ORG
BRITANNICALANKA.COM
EBKOREA.COM
EBLANKA.COM
KOREABRITANNICA.COM
LEARNICA.COM
KOREABRITANNICA.NET
BRITANNICAYOU.COM
BRITANNICASTORE.COM
BRITANNICAU.NET
BRITANNICA.CO.AU
BRITANNICAU.ORG
BRITANNICASCHOOL.COM
BRITANNICA.CO.BE
BRITANNICAIN.COM
BRITANNICA.CO.FR
STUBRIT.COM
BRITANNICA.CO.IN
BRITANNICAU.COM
BRITANNICA.CO.JP
BRITTANICA.CO.KR
BRITTANICA.CO.UK
EB.COM.AU
EB.CO.IN
EBJ.CO.JP
EB.CO.UK
BCD.CO.KR
BCD2000.CO.KR
BRITANNICACD.CO.KR
BRITANNICAKIDS.CO.KR
BRITANNICAONLINE.CO.KR
BWE.CO.KR
ENCYCLOPAEDIA.CO.KR
ENCYCLOPEDIA.CO.KR
ENCYCLOPEDIA.OR.KR
KBCD.CO.KR
KBCD2000.CO.KR
KBIG.CO.KR
KBOL.CO.KR
KOREABRITANNICA.CO.KR
EBKOREA.COM
KOREABRITANNICA.NET
EBKOREA.NET
EBKOREA.CO.KR
BRITANNICA.CO.KR
(i) Complainant operates its principal web site at . This site offers a variety of online reference services, including providing news, sports, market and weather information.
(j) Complainant has sold many billions of dollars worth of encyclopedia, reference and other online goods and services under the BRITANNICA Marks throughout the United States, and Complainant has spent hundreds of millions of dollars to advertise and promote its encyclopaedia, reference and other online goods and services under the BRITANNICA Marks throughout the United States.
(k) By virtue of Complainant's long use, advertising, and promotion, the BRITANNICA Marks have become well known and famous throughout the world and possess a strong secondary meaning signifying the Complainant and the encyclopedia, reference and other online goods and services it offers, and represent an extremely valuable goodwill owned by the Complainant.
(l) On May 18, 2000, Complainant sent a letter and e-mail to Mr. Negev Nosatzki at S, the Respondent in this proceeding, requesting that S cease and desist from any unlawful use of the domain name and the BRITANNICA mark ("May 18th Letter"). Complainant did not respond to the May 18th Letter.
(m) The Respondent's lack of rights or a legitimate interest in the domain name and its bad faith in registering and using it are demonstrated by numerous facts, including:
(1) On October 19, 1999, Complainant announced the debut of its web site located at . During its first day of operation, received approximately 10 million hits. Upon information and belief, the Respondent registered in order to intentionally divert traffic away from Complainant's web site.
(2) As recently as May 15, 2000, Respondent was using the domain name to hyperlink to a gambling website.
(3) Respondent has registered at least 20 domain names in addition to which are simply mis-spellings and variations of widely-known and famous trademarks, including: AOL4CELLULAR.COM, BENNYTON.COM, CNN4CELLULAR.COM, CNNCHANNEL.COM, E-GAP.COM, LUCENTNETWORKS.COM, MSN4CELLULAR.COM, MTVSHOW.COM, NISAN.ORG, ORION-TELECOM.COM, PALMMATE.COM, PALMOBILE.COM, PALMTOY.COM, POPYE.COM, TICKETBLASTER.COM, VISAALFA.COM, VISACLUB.COM, VISA-CLUB.COM, VISACLUB.ORG, VISA-CLUB.ORG, VISAYES.COM, and YAHOO4CELLUALR.COM.
(4) Respondent's ownership of numerous domain names which are virtually identical to widely-known and famous trademarks suggests a bad faith intent to profit from the activities of others. See J.P. Morgan v. Resource Marketing, Case No. D2000-0035, �6, p.4 (Administrative Panel Decision, March 23, 2000).
(5) Respondent's Ownership of a site which is a mis-spelling of Complainant's site and which Respondent used to hyperlink to a gambling site demonstrates Respondent's bad faith registration and use of the domain name. See Shields v. Zuccarini, 2000 U.S. Dist. Lexis 3350,*19 (March 22, 2000) (Defendant violated plaintiff's rights by registering five variations of plaintiff's trademarks and using them to subject site visitors to advertisements); Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. v. John Zuccarini and The Cupcake Patrol a/k/a Country Walk a/k/a Cupcake Party, Case No. D2000-0330, �2-3, pp. 1-2; (Administrative Panel Decision, June 7, 2000) (Respondent showed bad faith by registering various mis-spellings of Complainant's mark and using them to hyperlink to advertisement web pages.)
(6) Upon information and belief, Respondent does not conduct any legitimate commercial or non-commercial business activity using the domain name.
(7) The Respondent is not commonly known by the domain name and has not acquired any trademark or service mark rights to such name. The Respondent has not applied for or obtained any state or federal trademark or service mark registration for the domain name.
(8) Complainant has not licensed or otherwise permitted Respondent to use the BRITANNICA Marks or to apply for or use any domain name incorporating those marks. See Telstra Corporation Limited v. Nuclear Marshmallows, Case No. D2000-0003, �7.2, p. 4 (Administrative Panel Decision, February 18, 2000); Parfume Christian Dior v. 1 Netpower, Inc., Case No. D2000-0022, � 6D, p.5 (Administration Panel Division, March 3, 2000).
(9) In addition to any actual knowledge Respondent may have of Complainant's rights in the BRITANNICA Marks, Respondent has had constructive notice of Complainant's trademark rights in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA and BRITANNICA marks since 1950 and 1984 respectively.
(10) Notwithstanding Respondent's constructive notice of Complainant's prior rights in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA and BRITANNICA marks and probable actual knowledge of Complainant's rights in the BRITANNICA Marks, Respondent obtained the , domain name in order to intentionally attempt to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to Respondent's web site by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of Respondent's web sites.
(11) Respondent's domain name is virtually identical and confusingly similar to Complainant's BRITANNICA and BRITANNICA.COM registrations and BRITANNICA and BRITANNICA.COM marks. As evidenced by Complainant's numerous trademark registrations for, and wide reputation in, the BRITANNICA Marks, "it is not possible to conceive of a plausible circumstance in which the Respondent could legitimately use the domain name" . See Telstra Corporation Limited v. Nuclear Marshmallows, Case No. D2000-0003, �7.7, p. 9 (Administrative Panel Decision, February 18, 2000).
(12) The facts that (i) Complainant's BRITANNICA Marks have a strong reputation and are widely-known throughout the world; (ii) Respondent has demonstrated a history of obtaining domain names which are mis-spellings or variations of widely-known or famous trademarks; (iii) Respondent has used the domain name to intentionally divert traffic away from Complainant's web site; (iv) Respondent has used its www. web site to link to a gambling site; and (v) it is not possible to conceive of any plausible or contemplated active use of the domain name by Respondent that would not be illegitimate or unlawful, constitute evidence of the registration and use of the domain name in bad faith in accordance with Paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy.
B. Respondent
The Respondent has not submitted a formal response and is in default. He has indicated in his e mail to the center of 31st August that he does not claim any rights in the name and wishes to transfer it to the Complainant.
6 Discussion and Findings
According to paragraph 4(a) of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Procedure Policy, the Complainant must prove that:
(i) The Domain Name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the Complainant has rights; and
(ii) The Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and
(iii) The Domain Name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
A. Identical or confusing similarity
It is prima facie obvious that the Domain Name is confusingly similar to the Complainant's BRITANNICA mark.
B. Rights or legitimate interest of the Respondent
The Respondent admits he has no interest in the domain name and is in default. The panel can, therefore, assume that he has no rights or legitimate interest in the domain name.
C. Bad Faith
Paragraph 4(b) of the Rules sets out four non exclusive criteria which shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith including:
(iv) by using the domain name, the Respondent has intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to its web site or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of its web site or location or of a product or service on its website or location.
The Respondent is engaged in the practice of registration of domain names containing the trademarks of others including misspellings such as the Domain Name and others, e.g., B, N and P. The Domain Name has been used to hyperlink to a gambling site. Accordingly, it is clear that the Respondent has intentionally attempted to attract for commercial gain Internet users to its web site or other online location, by creating confusion as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of its products or services. I, therefore, find that bad faith has been demonstrated under Paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the Policy.
7. Decision
In light of the foregoing the panelist decides that the domain name is confusingly similar to the Complainant's trademark BRITANNICA, the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interest in respect of the Domain Name, and the Domain Name was registered and used in bad faith.
Accordingly, it is ordered that the Domain Name BRITANNNICA.COM BE TRANSFERRED to the Complainant.
Dawn Osborne
Presiding Panelist
Dated: September 6, 2000
Full & Egal Universal Law Academy